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Deploying large language models (LLMs) on embedded devices remains a significant research challenge due to the high computational and memory demands of LLMs and the limited hardware resources available in such environments. While embedded…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jindong Li , Tenglong Li , Ruiqi Chen , Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Qian Zhang , Yi Zeng

High-level synthesis (HLS) aims at democratizing custom hardware acceleration with highly abstracted software-like descriptions. However, efficient accelerators still require substantial low-level hardware optimizations, defeating the HLS…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Giovanni Brignone , Roberto Bosio , Fabrizio Ottati , Claudio Sansoè , Luciano Lavagno

The emergence of machine learning, image and audio processing on edge devices has motivated research towards power efficient custom hardware accelerators. Though FPGAs are an ideal target for energy efficient custom accelerators, the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Kingshuk Majumder , Uday Bondhugula

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) improves IC development productivity by enabling hardware design from C-like languages. However, strict coding constraints and design-specific optimizations limit its widespread adoption. While recent efforts…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Runkai Li , Jia Xiong , Xiuyuan He , Jieru Zhao , Jiaqi Lv , Haowen Fang , Lei Qi , Xi Wang

FPGAs have distinct advantages as a technology for deploying deep neural networks (DNNs) at the edge. Lookup Table (LUT) based networks, where neurons are directly modeled using LUTs, help maximize this promise of offering ultra-low latency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Binglei Lou , Richard Rademacher , David Boland , Philip H. W. Leong

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are capable of solving complex problems in domains related to embedded systems, such as image and natural language processing. To efficiently implement DNNs on a specific FPGA platform for a given cost criterion,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Jonas Ney , Dominik Loroch , Vladimir Rybalkin , Nico Weber , Jens Krüger , Norbert Wehn

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) compiles C/C++ into RTL, but exploring pragma-driven optimization choices remains expensive because each design point requires time-consuming synthesis. We propose \textbf{\DiffHLS}, a differential learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zedong Peng , Zeju Li , Qiang Xu , Jieru Zhao

Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) play an indispensable role in Electronic Design Automation (EDA), translating Register-Transfer Level (RTL) designs into gate-level netlists. The correctness and reliability of FPGA logic synthesis…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Hui Zeng , Zhihao Xu , Hui Li , Siwen Wang , Qian Ma

High-level synthesis (HLS) is a design flow that leverages modern language features and flexibility, such as complex data structures, inheritance, templates, etc., to prototype hardware designs rapidly. However, exploring various design…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Md Rubel Ahmed , Toshiaki Koike-Akino , Kieran Parsons , Ye Wang

Multimodal stacks that mix ViTs, CNNs, GNNs, and transformer NLP strain embedded platforms because their compute/memory patterns diverge and hard real-time targets leave little slack. TRINE is a single-bitstream FPGA accelerator and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Hyunwoo Oh , Hanning Chen , Sanggeon Yun , Yang Ni , Suyeon Jang , Behnam Khaleghi , Fei Wen , Mohsen Imani

A deep-learning inference accelerator is synthesized from a C-language software program parallelized with Pthreads. The software implementation uses the well-known producer/consumer model with parallel threads interconnected by FIFO queues.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-30 Jin Hee Kim , Brett Grady , Ruolong Lian , John Brothers , Jason H. Anderson

A critical stage in the evolving landscape of VLSI design is the design phase that is transformed into register-transfer level (RTL), which specifies system functionality through hardware description languages like Verilog. Generally,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Anindita Chattopadhyay , Vijay Kumar Sutrakar

Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) can accelerate image processing by exploiting fine-grained parallelism opportunities in image operations. FPGA language designs are often subsets or extensions of existing languages, though these…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-07-06 Robert Stewart , Deepayan Bhowmik , Greg Michaelson , Andrew Wallace

Deep learning (DL) has emerged as a rapidly developing advanced technology, enabling the performance of complex tasks involving image recognition, natural language processing, and autonomous decision-making with high levels of accuracy.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Soumita Chatterjee , Sudip Ghosh , Tamal Ghosh , Hafizur Rahaman

We introduce an automated tool for deploying ultra low-latency, low-power deep neural networks with convolutional layers on FPGAs. By extending the hls4ml library, we demonstrate an inference latency of $5\,\mu$s using convolutional…

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) is emerging as a mainstream design methodology, allowing software designers to enjoy the benefits of a hardware implementation. Significant work has led to effective compilers that produce high-quality hardware…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-08-28 Jeffrey Goeders , Steven J. E. Wilton

In high-level synthesis (HLS), C/C++ programs with synthesis directives are used to generate circuits for FPGA implementations. However, hardware-specific and platform-dependent characteristics in these implementations can introduce…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Kangwei Xu , Bing Li , Grace Li Zhang , Ulf Schlichtmann

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have the advantage that they can take into account a large number of parameters, which enables them to solve complex tasks. In computer vision and speech recognition, they have a better accuracy than common…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Lukas Baischer , Matthias Wess , Nima TaheriNejad

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in hardware front-end design using hardware description languages (HDLs). However, their inherent tendency toward hallucination often introduces functional errors into the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Kangwei Xu , Grace Li Zhang , Ulf Schlichtmann , Bing Li

In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated their ability to solve problems in many fields and with accuracy that was not possible before. However, this comes with extensive computational requirements, which made…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Sadiq M. Sait , Aiman El-Maleh , Mohammad Altakrouri , Ahmad Shawahna