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Let $\partial_H(u)$ be the set of edges incident with a vertex $u$ in the graph $H$. We say that a graph $G$ is $H$-colorable if there exist total functions $f : E(G) \rightarrow E(H)$ and $g : V(G) \rightarrow V(H)$ such that $f$ is a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-01-12 Jorik Jooken

A coloring of the edges of a graph $G$ in which every $K_{1,2}$ is totally multicolored is known as a proper coloring and a coloring of the edges of $G$ in which every $K_{1,2}$ and every $K_{2,2}$ is totally multicolored is called a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Ryan R. Martin , Miklós Ruszinkó , Gábor N. Sárközy

Let $G$ be a graph embedded in a fixed surface $\Sigma$ of genus $g$ and let $L=(L(v):v\in V(G))$ be a collection of lists such that either each list has size at least five, or each list has size at least four and $G$ is triangle-free, or…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-05-08 Luke Postle , Robin Thomas

Let $\Gamma$ be an Abelian group and let $G$ be a simple graph. We say that $G$ is $\Gamma$-colorable if for some fixed orientation of $G$ and every edge labeling $\ell:E(G)\rightarrow \Gamma$, there exists a vertex coloring $c$ by the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-12-05 Bartłomiej Bosek , Jarosław Grytczuk , Grzegorz Gutowski , Oriol Serra , Mariusz Zając

Given two colorings of a graph, we consider the following problem: can we recolor the graph from one coloring to the other through a series of elementary changes, such that the graph is properly colored after each step? We introduce the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-01-18 Marthe Bonamy , Paul Ouvrard , Mikaël Rabie , Jukka Suomela , Jara Uitto

We investigate possible list extensions of generalised majority edge colourings of graphs and provide several results concerning these. Given a graph $G=(V,E)$, a list assignment $L:E\to 2^C$ and some level of majority tolerance…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-19 Paweł Pękała , Jakub Przybyło

We study the problem of color reversal in bicolored graphs under local inversions. A \emph{bicoloration} of a graph $G=(V,E)$ is a mapping $\beta: V \to \{-1,1\}$. A \emph{local inversion} at a vertex $v \in V$ consists of reversing the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-02 Kumud Singh Porte , RB Sandeep , Kamal Santra

In the \textsc{Coloring Reconfiguration} problem, we are given two proper $k$-colorings of a graph and asked to decide whether one can be transformed into the other by repeatedly applying a specified recoloring rule, while maintaining a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Janosch Fuchs , Rin Saito , Tatsuhiro Suga , Takahiro Suzuki , Yuma Tamura

An interval coloring of a graph G is a proper coloring of E(G) by positive integers such that the colors on the edges incident to any vertex are consecutive. A (3,4)-biregular bigraph is a bipartite graph in which each vertex of one part…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Armen S. Asratian , Carl Johan Casselgren , Jennifer Vandenbussche , Douglas B. West

We consider the flexible list coloring problem, in which we have a graph $G$, a color list assignment $L:V(G) \rightarrow 2^{\mathbb N}$, and a set $U \subseteq V(G)$ of vertices such that each $u \in U$ has a preferred color $p(u) \in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-08-19 Richard Bi , Peter Bradshaw

A $(d,h)$-decomposition of a graph $G$ is an ordered pair $(D, H)$ such that $H$ is a subgraph of $G$ of maximum degree at most $h$ and $D$ is an acyclic orientation of $G-E(H)$ with maximum out-degree at most $d$. In this paper, we prove…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-03-16 Lingxi Li , Huajing Lu , Tao Wang , Xuding Zhu

List colouring is an influential and classic topic in graph theory. We initiate the study of a natural strengthening of this problem, where instead of one list-colouring, we seek many in parallel. Our explorations have uncovered a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-08-03 Stijn Cambie , Wouter Cames van Batenburg , Ewan Davies , Ross J. Kang

Given a loop-free graph $H$, the reconfiguration problem for homomorphisms to $H$ (also called $H$-colourings) asks: given two $H$-colourings $f$ of $g$ of a graph $G$, is it possible to transform $f$ into $g$ by a sequence of single-vertex…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-03-06 Jae-Baek Lee , Jonathan A. Noel , Mark Siggers

A graph is $k$-planar if it can be drawn in the plane so that each edge is crossed at most $k$ times. Typically, the class of 1-planar graphs is among the most investigated graph families within the so-called "beyond planar graphs". A…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-01-29 Xin Zhang , Yan Li

For a graph $G$, the $k$-recolouring graph $\mathcal{R}_k(G)$ is the graph whose vertices are the $k$-colourings of $G$ and two colourings are joined by an edge if they differ in colour on exactly one vertex. We prove that for all $n \ge…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-07-06 Owen Merkel

The classical Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm aka color refinement is fundamental for graph learning with kernels and neural networks. Originally developed for graph isomorphism testing, the algorithm iteratively refines vertex colors. On many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Franka Bause , Nils M. Kriege

DP-coloring (also known as correspondence coloring) is a generalization of list coloring introduced recently by Dvo\v{r}\'ak and Postle (2017). In this paper, we prove that every planar graph $G$ without $4$-cycles adjacent to $k$-cycles is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-11-08 Lily Chen , Runrun Liu , Gexin Yu , Ren Zhao , Xiangqian Zhou

A proper coloring of a graph is \emph{conflict-free} if, for every non-isolated vertex, some color is used exactly once on its neighborhood. Caro, Petru\v{s}evski, and \v{S}krekovski proved that every graph $G$ has a proper conflict-free…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-16 Daniel W. Cranston , Chun-Hung Liu

Let $G$ be a $\{C_4, C_5\}$-free planar graph with a list assignment $L$. Suppose a preferred color is given for some of the vertices. We prove that if all lists have size at least four, then there exists an $L$-coloring respecting at least…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-06-11 Donglei Yang , Fan Yang

Defective coloring (also known as relaxed or improper coloring) is a generalization of proper coloring defined as follows: for $d \in \mathbb{N}$, a coloring of a graph is $d$-defective if every vertex is colored the same as at most $d$ of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-26 James Anderson