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Availability of diagnostic codes in Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is crucial for patient care as well as reimbursement purposes. However, entering them in the EHR is tedious, and some clinical codes may be overlooked. Given an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Tsvetan R. Yordanov , Ameen Abu-Hanna , Anita CJ Ravelli , Iacopo Vagliano

Clinical reasoning agents based on large language models (LLMs) aim to automate tasks such as intensive care unit (ICU) monitoring and patient state tracking from electronic health records (EHRs). Existing systems typically rely on manually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Timothy Ossowski , Xinchi Liu , Danyal Maqbool , Vaibhav Dhanuka , Sheng Zhang , Hoifung Poon , Majid Afshar , Tyler Bradshaw , Junjie Hu

Introduction: Clinical text classification using natural language processing (NLP) models requires adequate training data to achieve optimal performance. For that, 200-500 documents are typically annotated. The number is constrained by time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Jaya Chaturvedi , Saniya Deshpande , Chenkai Ma , Robert Cobb , Angus Roberts , Robert Stewart , Daniel Stahl , Diana Shamsutdinova

Linking clinical narratives to standardized vocabularies and coding systems is a key component of unlocking the information in medical text for analysis. However, many domains of medical concepts lack well-developed terminologies that can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Denis Newman-Griffis , Eric Fosler-Lussier

Objectives: Administrative data is commonly used to inform chronic disease prevalence and support health informatics research. This study assessed the validity of coding comorbidity in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-04-02 Jie Pan , Seungwon Lee , Cheligeer Cheligeer , Bing Li , Guosong Wu , Catherine A Eastwood , Yuan Xu , Hude Quan

Mental health has become a global priority, leading to a massive administrative burden in the coding of clinical diagnoses. This study proposes the automation of psychiatric diagnostic analysis by mapping free-text descriptions to the…

Edge computing is a fast-growing and much needed technology in healthcare. The problem of implementing artificial intelligence on edge devices is the complexity and high resource intensity of the most known neural network data analysis…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Andrei Velichko

Veterinary medical records represent a large data resource for application to veterinary and One Health clinical research efforts. Use of the data is limited by interoperability challenges including inconsistent data formats and data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Mayla R. Boguslav , Adam Kiehl , David Kott , G. Joseph Strecker , Tracy Webb , Nadia Saklou , Terri Ward , Michael Kirby

Automatically classifying electronic health records (EHRs) into diagnostic codes has been challenging to the NLP community. State-of-the-art methods treated this problem as a multilabel classification problem and proposed various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Chao-Wei Huang , Shang-Chi Tsai , Yun-Nung Chen

A ubiquitous task in processing electronic medical data is the assignment of standardized codes representing diagnoses and/or procedures to free-text documents such as medical reports. This is a difficult natural language processing task…

Clinical Text Notes (CTNs) contain physicians' reasoning process, written in an unstructured free text format, as they examine and interview patients. In recent years, several studies have been published that provide evidence for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Hlynur D. Hlynsson , Steindór Ellertsson , Jón F. Daðason , Emil L. Sigurdsson , Hrafn Loftsson

In the United States, 25% or greater than 200 billion dollars of hospital spending accounts for administrative costs that involve services for medical coding and billing. With the increasing number of patient records, manual assignment of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-18 A. K. Bhavani Singh , Mounika Guntu , Ananth Reddy Bhimireddy , Judy W. Gichoya , Saptarshi Purkayastha

Automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding plays a crucial role in the extraction of relevant information from clinical notes for proper recording and billing. One of the most important directions for boosting the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Junyu Luo , Xiaochen Wang , Jiaqi Wang , Aofei Chang , Yaqing Wang , Fenglong Ma

International Classification of Disease (ICD) coding procedure which refers to tagging medical notes with diagnosis codes has been shown to be effective and crucial to the billing system in medical sector. Currently, ICD codes are assigned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Biplob Biswas , Thai-Hoang Pham , Ping Zhang

This study aims to explore the implementation of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) techniques to automate the coding of medical letters with visualised explainability and light-weighted local computer settings.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Jamie Glen , Lifeng Han , Paul Rayson , Goran Nenadic

This paper achieves state of the art results for the ICD code prediction task using the MIMIC-III dataset. This was achieved through the use of Clinical BERT (Alsentzer et al., 2019). embeddings and text augmentation and label balancing to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Brent Biseda , Gaurav Desai , Haifeng Lin , Anish Philip

Accurate International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding is critical for clinical documentation, billing, and healthcare analytics, yet it remains a labour-intensive and error-prone task. Although large language models (LLMs) show…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Hong-Jie Dai , Zheng-Hao Li , An-Tai Lu , Bo-Tsz Shain , Ming-Ta Li , Tatheer Hussain Mir , Kuang-Te Wang , Min-I Su , Pei-Kang Liu , Ming-Ju Tsai

Clinical interactions are initially recorded and documented in free text medical notes. ICD coding is the task of classifying and coding all diagnoses, symptoms and procedures associated with a patient's visit. The process is often manual…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Zachariah Zhang , Jingshu Liu , Narges Razavian

Computerised clinical coding approaches aim to automate the process of assigning a set of codes to medical records. While there is active research pushing the state of the art on clinical coding for hospitalized patients, the outpatient…

Human coders assign standardized medical codes to clinical documents generated during patients' hospitalization, which is error-prone and labor-intensive. Automated medical coding approaches have been developed using machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Wei Sun , Shaoxiong Ji , Erik Cambria , Pekka Marttinen