Related papers: The Explicit Formula and Parity for Some Generaliz…

We show that for any natural number $n$ satisfying $n\equiv 4 \mod 8$ and $n\not\equiv 0 \mod 5$, and for any odd integer $t\geq \frac{n+6}{2}$ there are infinitely many Salem numbers ${\alpha}$ of degree $2t$ such that ${\alpha}^n-1$ is a…

There are several kinds of universal Taylor series. In one such kind the universal approximation is required at every boundary point of the domain of definition $\OO$ of the universal function $f$. In another kind the universal…

Flajolet and Salvy pointed out that every Euler sum is a $\mathbb{Q}$-linear combination of multiple zeta values. However, in the literature, there is no formula completely revealing this relation. In this paper, using permutations and…

An integer $k$ is called regular (mod $n$) if there exists an integer $x$ such that $k^2x\equiv k$ (mod $n$). This holds true if and only if $k$ possesses a weak order (mod $n$), i.e., there is an integer $m\ge 1$ such that $k^{m+1} \equiv…

The necessary and sufficient conditions for a class of functions $f:\mathbb{Z}_2^n \rightarrow \mathbb{Z}_q$, where $q \geq 2$ is an even positive integer, have been recently identified for $q=4$ and $q=8$. In this article we give an…

Finding the mean square averages of the Dirichlet $L$-functions over Dirichlet characters $\chi$ of same parity is an active problem in number theory. Here we explicitly evaluate such averages of $L(3,\chi)$ and $L(4,\chi)$ using certain…

A necessary and sufficient condition is provided for the solvability of a binomial congruence with a composite modulus, circumventing its prime factorization. This is a generalization of Euler's Criterion through that of Euler's Theorem,…

In this paper, we establish a generalized Taylor expansion of a given function $f$ in the form $\displaystyle{f(x) = \sum_{j=0}^m c_j^{\alpha,\rho}\left(x^\rho-a^\rho\right)^{j\alpha} + e_m(x)}$ \noindent with $m\in \mathbb{N}$,…

In this paper, we show that the difference between the number of parts in the odd partitions of $n$ and the number of parts in the distinct partitions of $n$ satisfies Euler's recurrence relation for the partition function $p(n)$ when $n$…

Using model theory and differential algebra, we give necessary conditions for algebraic ordinary differential equations to have a complex Pfaffian solution on some complex domain. These tools also allow us to give many examples of algebraic…

In this paper, we are going to describe the solutions of the functional equation $$ \varphi\Big(\frac{x+y}{2}\Big)(f(x)+f(y))=\varphi(x)f(x)+\varphi(y)f(y) $$ concerning the unknown functions $\varphi$ and $f$ defined on an open interval.…

The Euclidean algorithm makes possible a simple but powerful generalization of Taylor's theorem. Instead of expanding a function in a series around a single point, one spreads out the spectrum to include any number of points with given…

A unified explicit form for difference formulas to approximate the fractional and classical derivatives is presented. The formula gives finite difference approximations for any classical derivatives with a desired order of accuracy at nodal…

We derive explicit upper bounds for various functions counting primes in arithmetic progressions. By way of example, if $q$ and $a$ are integers with $\gcd(a,q)=1$ and $3 \leq q \leq 10^5$, and $\theta(x;q,a)$ denotes the sum of the…

A method, recently advanced as the conformable Euler method, a general method for the finite difference discretization of fractional initial value problems for fractions in (0, 1], is shown to be valid only for the integer derivative. The…

I show that the general implicit-function problem (or parametrized fixed-point problem) in one complex variable has an explicit series solution given by a trivial generalization of the Lagrange inversion formula. I give versions of this…

This study presents explicit evaluations of the series \begin{equation*} \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{H_{k/n}^{(p)}}{k^q} \quad \text{and} \quad \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k H_{k/2n}^{(p)}}{k^q}, \quad p,q,n \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ge 1},\; q \ne 1,…

Let $f(n)$ be a strongly additive complex valued arithmetic function. Under mild conditions on $f$, we prove the following weighted strong law of large numbers: if $ X,X_1,X_2,... $ is any sequence of integrable i.i.d. random variables,…

In this paper we describe all differentiable functions $\varphi,\psi\colon E\to\mathbb{R}$ satisfying the functional-differential equation \begin{equation*} [\varphi(y) - \varphi(x)]\psi '\bigl(h(x,y)\bigr) = [\psi(y) - \psi(x)]\varphi…

Let $a$ be a real number satisfying $0<a<\pi$. We denote by $M_n(a)$ the configuration space of regular spherical $n$-gons with side-lengths $a$. The purpose of this paper is to determine $\chi (M_n(a))$ for all $a$ and odd $n$. To do so,…