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t-SNE and hierarchical clustering are popular methods of exploratory data analysis, particularly in biology. Building on recent advances in speeding up t-SNE and obtaining finer-grained structure, we combine the two to create tree-SNE, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-14 Isaac Robinson , Emma Pierce-Hoffman

Parametric embedding methods such as parametric t-SNE (pt-SNE) have been widely adopted for data visualization and out-of-sample data embedding without further computationally expensive optimization or approximation. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Martin Renqiang Min , Hongyu Guo , Dinghan Shen

High dimensional data can contain multiple scales of variance. Analysis tools that preferentially operate at one scale can be ineffective at capturing all the information present in this cross-scale complexity. We propose a multiscale joint…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-15 Daniel Sousa , Christopher Small

Neighbor Embedding (NE) aims to preserve pairwise similarities between data items and has been shown to yield an effective principle for data visualization. However, even the best existing NE methods such as Stochastic Neighbor Embedding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Zhirong Yang , Yuwei Chen , Denis Sedov , Samuel Kaski , Jukka Corander

We introduce a nonlinear method for directly embedding large, sparse, stochastic graphs into low-dimensional spaces, without requiring vertex features to reside in, or be transformed into, a metric space. Graph data and models are prevalent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Nikos Pitsianis , Alexandros-Stavros Iliopoulos , Dimitris Floros , Xiaobai Sun

T-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE) is a widely used data visualisation technique. It differs from its predecessor SNE by the low-dimensional similarity kernel: the Gaussian kernel was replaced by the heavy-tailed Cauchy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Dmitry Kobak , George Linderman , Stefan Steinerberger , Yuval Kluger , Philipp Berens

Adversarial examples, designed to trick Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) into producing wrong outputs, highlight vulnerabilities in these models. Exploring these weaknesses is crucial for developing defenses, and so, we propose a method to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Inês Valentim , Nuno Antunes , Nuno Lourenço

t-SNE has gained popularity as a dimension reduction technique, especially for visualizing data. It is well-known that all dimension reduction techniques may lose important features of the data. We provide a mathematical framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Rupert Li , Elchanan Mossel

Deep neural networks often require copious amount of labeled-data to train their scads of parameters. Training larger and deeper networks is hard without appropriate regularization, particularly while using a small dataset. Laterally,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Xiang Xu , Xiong Zhou , Ragav Venkatesan , Gurumurthy Swaminathan , Orchid Majumder

Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (SNE) algorithms like UMAP and tSNE often produce visualizations that do not preserve the geometry of noisy and high dimensional data. In particular, they can spuriously separate connected components of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Tristan Luca Saidi , Abigail Hickok , Bastian Rieck , Andrew J. Blumberg

Dimensional data reduction methods are fundamental to explore and visualize large data sets. Basic requirements for unsupervised data exploration are simplicity, flexibility and scalability. However, current methods show complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Joan Garriga , Frederic Bartumeus

The optimization of electric machines at multiple operating points is crucial for applications that require frequent changes on speeds and loads, such as the electric vehicles, to strive for the machine optimal performance across the entire…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Shen Zhang , Shibo Zhang , Sufei Li , Liang Du , Thomas G. Habetler

Dimensionality Reduction (DR) techniques can generate 2D projections and enable visual exploration of cluster structures of high-dimensional datasets. However, different DR techniques would yield various patterns, which significantly affect…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Jiazhi Xia , Yuchen Zhang , Jie Song , Yang Chen , Yunhai Wang , Shixia Liu

Data visualisation helps understanding data represented by multiple variables, also called features, stored in a large matrix where individuals are stored in lines and variable values in columns. These data structures are frequently called…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Haseeb Younis , Paul Trust , Rosane Minghim

Multidimensional scaling is a statistical process that aims to embed high dimensional data into a lower-dimensional space; this process is often used for the purpose of data visualisation. Common multidimensional scaling algorithms tend to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Pierre Lambert , Cyril de Bodt , Michel Verleysen , John Lee

Central to the widespread use of t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is the conviction that it produces visualizations whose structure roughly matches that of the input. To the contrary, we prove that (1) the strength of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Noah Bergam , Szymon Snoeck , Nakul Verma

Stochastic neighbor embedding (SNE) methods $t$-SNE, UMAP are two most popular dimensionality reduction methods for data visualization. Contrastive learning, especially self-supervised contrastive learning (SSCL), has showed great success…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Yi Zhang

Different unsupervised models for dimensionality reduction like PCA, LLE, Shannon's mapping, tSNE, UMAP, etc. work on different principles, hence, they are difficult to compare on the same ground. Although they are usually good for…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-10 Subhrajyoty Roy

This study presents a pipeline leveraging t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) for interpretable visualizations of chirp features across diverse outcome scenarios. The dataset, comprising chirp-based temporal, spectral, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Nooshin Bahador , Milad Lankarany

The t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) has emerged as a popular dimensionality reduction technique for visualizing high-dimensional data. It computes pairwise similarities between data points by default using an RBF kernel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Sarwan Ali , Prakash Chourasia , Haris Mansoor , Bipin koirala , Murray Patterson