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Precise time scale is the universal base for all measurements. Here we report the deployment of a compact and transportable optical clock to a timekeeping institution and steering an active hydrogen maser to generate an optical time scale,…

The difference in the proper azimuthal periods of revolution of two standard clocks in direct and retrograde orbits about a central rotating mass is proportional to J/Mc^2, where J and M are, respectively, the proper angular momentum and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 B. Mashhoon , F. Gronwald , F. W. Hehl , D. S. Theiss

We consider the problem of testing the Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP) by measuring the gravitational redshift with two Earth-orbiting stable atomic clocks. For a reasonably restricted class of orbits we find an optimal experiment…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-08-24 D. A. Litvinov , S. V. Pilipenko

This paper presents a high-precision gravitational redshift test using the China Space Station (CSS) Laser Time Transfer (CLT) system. We develop a comprehensive observation equation based on a c^{-3} order relativistic model for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-11 Rui Xu , Wenbin Shen , Hok Sum Fok , Pengfei Zhang , Lihong Li , Lei Wang , Kuangchao Wu , An Ning , Youchao Xie , Ziyu Shen , Lingxuan Wang , Yongqi Zhao , Kai Liu , Yuanjin Pan

We demonstrated a simple technique for monitoring range variation with millimeter-precision between two remote sites using off-the-shelf wireless communication modules. The need for the flexible positioning of wireless devices is…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-10-31 Bhola R. Panta , Kohta Kido , Satoshi Yasuda , Yuko Hanado , Seiji Kawamura , Hiroshi Hanado , Kenichi Takizawa , Masugi Inoue , Nobuyasu Shiga

Optical lattice clocks (OLCs) enable us to measure time and frequency with a fractional uncertainty at $10^{-18}$ level, which is 2 orders of magnitude better than Cs clocks. In this article, after briefly reviewing OLCs and the history of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-02-11 Hisaaki Shinkai , Masao Takamoto , Hidetoshi Katori

One of geodesy's main tasks is to determine the gravity field of the Earth. High precision clocks have the potential to provide a new tool in a global determination of the Earth's gravitational potential based on the gravitational redshift.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-10-19 Dennis Philipp , Eva Hackmann , Jan P. Hackstein , Claus Lämmerzahl

In this work we demonstrate for the first time that it is possible to transfer simultaneously an ultra-stable optical frequency and a precise and accurate timing over 540 km using a public telecommunication optical fiber networks with…

Space-borne low-to medium-resolution (R~10^2-10^3) transmission spectroscopy of atmospheres detect the broadest spectral features (alkali doublets, molecular bands, scattering), while high-resolution (R~10^5), ground-based observations…

Gravitational redshift is an important prediction of General Relativity (GR). We propose a novel dual one-way frequency comparison scheme for gravitational redshift tests in satellite-ground clock experiments. Unlike conventional…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-08-28 Cheng-Gang Qin , Tong Liu , Yang Li , Qi-Long Gong , Qin Li , Zhi-Yu Ma

Given the extreme accuracy of modern space astrometry, a precise relativistic modeling of observations is required. Concerning light propagation, the standard procedure is the solution of the null-geodesic equations. However, another…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-11-26 Stefano Bertone , Olivier Minazzoli , Mariateresa Crosta , Christophe Le Poncin-Lafitte , Alberto Vecchiato , Marie-Christine Angonin

We demonstrate carrier-phase optical two-way time-frequency transfer (carrier-phase OTWTFT) through the two-way exchange of frequency comb pulses. Carrier-phase OTWTFT achieves frequency comparisons with a residual instability of…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2018-02-07 Laura C. Sinclair , Hugo Bergeron , William C. Swann , Esther Baumann , Jean-Daniel Deschênes , Nathan R. Newbury

The topic of this paper is to study the two way time-transfer problem between a ground based station and a low orbit Earth's satellite, in the aim of an application to the T2L2 experiment. The sudy is driven in a fully relativistic…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2010-02-04 Olivier Minazzoli , Bertrand Chauvineau , Etienne Samain , Pierre Exertier , Patrick Vrancken , Philippe Guillemot

It is widely recognised that over-reliance on GNSS (e.g GPS) for time synchronisation represents an acute threat to modern society, and a diversity of alternatives are required to mitigate the threat of an outage. This paper proposes a GNSS…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-28 Stephen Robson

Although the effects of solar (and lunar) gravitational potentials on the frequencies of orbiting Global Positioning System (GPS) clocks are actually no more than a few parts in 10^(15), a na\"ive calculation appears to show that such…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-07-25 Neil Ashby , Marc Weiss

An orbiting `photon clock' is proposed to test directly the relativity of simultaneity of special relativity. This is done by comparison of the arrival times at a ground station of three microwave signals transmitted by two satellites…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 J. H. Field

Mass redistribution on Earth due to dynamic processes such as ice melting and sea level rise leads to a changing gravitational field, observable by geodetic techniques. Monitoring this change over time allows us to learn more about our…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-03-13 Eva Hackmann , Moritz Huckfeldt , Claus Lämmerzahl , Dennis Philipp , Benny Rievers

Gravitational wave astronomy relies on the use of multiple detectors, so that coincident detections may distinguish real signals from instrumental artifacts, and also so that relative timing of signals can provide the sky position of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-28 Alexander Stroeer , Lindy Blackburn , Jordan Camp

We present the results of the analysis of the GREAT (Galileo gravitational Redshift test with Eccentric sATellites) experiment from SYRTE (Observatoire de Paris), funded by the European Space Agency. An elliptic orbit induces a periodic…

Wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies hold promise for enhancing device autonomy, particularly for energy-limited IoT systems. This paper presents experimental results on coherent and non-coherent transmit diversity approaches for WPT,…