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Stochastic differential equations characterized by uncertainty are effective in modelling virus dynamics and provide an alternative to traditional deterministic models. Epidemic models are inevitably subjected to the randomness within the…

There are many sources of data giving information about the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the population, but all have major drawbacks, including biases and delayed reporting. For example, the number of confirmed cases largely…

The emerging global infectious COVID-19 coronavirus disease by novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents critical threats to global public health and the economy since it was identified in late December…

There is a near consensus view that SARS-CoV-2 has a natural zoonotic origin; however, several characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 taken together are not easily explained by a natural zoonotic origin hypothesis. These include: a low rate of…

Surges that have been observed at different periods in the number of COVID-19 cases are associated with the emergence of multiple SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Virus) variants. The design of methods to support laboratory detection…

Preliminary epidemiologic, phylogenetic and clinical findings suggest that several novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have increased transmissibility and decreased efficacy of several existing…

Increasing number in global COVID-19 cases demands for mathematical model to analyze the interaction between the virus dynamics and the response of innate and adaptive immunity. Here, based on the assumption of a weak and delayed response…

Although traditional models of epidemic spreading focus on the number of infected, susceptible and recovered individuals, a lot of attention has been devoted to integrate epidemic models with population genetics. Here we develop an…

The infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 depends on the binding affinity of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein with the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. The calculated RBD-ACE2 binding energies indicate that the…

Recently, the SARS-CoV-2 variants from the United Kingdom (UK), South Africa, and Brazil have received much attention for their increased infectivity, potentially high virulence, and possible threats to existing vaccines and antibody…

RNA virus (e.g., SARS-CoV-2) evolves in a complex manner. Studying RNA virus evolution is vital for understanding molecular evolution and medicine development. Scientists lack, however, general frameworks to characterize the dynamics of RNA…

SARS-CoV-2 usually evolves at a relatively constant rate over time. Occasionally, however, lineages arise with higher-than-expected numbers of mutations given the date of sampling. Such lineages can arise for a variety of reasons, including…

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which emerged in late 2019, has since spread around the world and infected hundreds of millions of people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While this viral species was unknown prior to January…

Despite the availability of effective vaccines, the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 suggests that co-circulation with other pathogens and resulting multi-epidemics may become increasingly frequent. To better forecast and control the risk of such…

The acute phase of the Covid-19 pandemic has made apparent the need for decision support based upon accurate epidemic modeling. This process is substantially hampered by under-reporting of cases and related data incompleteness issues. In…

Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins (SARS-CoV-2 PPIs) cause information transfer through biochemical pathways that contribute to the immunopathology of COVID-19. Here, we present a communication network model of the immune…

Due to the rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, quick public health investigations of the relationships between behaviours and infection risk are essential. Recently the test-negative design was proposed to…

B-cell epitopes play a key role in stimulating B-cells, triggering the primary immune response which results in antibody production as well as the establishment of long-term immunity in the form of memory cells. Consequently, being able to…

The discovery of SARS-CoV-2, the responsible virus for the Covid-19 epidemic, has sparked a global health concern with many countries affected. Developing models that can interpret the epidemic and give common trend parameters are useful…

The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is the cause of the COVID-19 disease in humans. Like many coronaviruses, it can adapt to different hosts and evolve into different lineages. It is well-known that the major SARS-CoV-2 lineages are characterized by…