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Distance measures between graphs are important primitives for a variety of learning tasks. In this work, we describe an unsupervised, optimal transport based approach to define a distance between graphs. Our idea is to derive…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Michael Scholkemper , Damin Kühn , Gerion Nabbefeld , Simon Musall , Björn Kampa , Michael T. Schaub

Many applications in machine learning involve data represented as probability distributions. The emergence of such data requires radically novel techniques to design tractable gradient flows on probability distributions over this type of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Clément Bonet , Christophe Vauthier , Anna Korba

We present Wasserstein Embedding for Graph Learning (WEGL), a novel and fast framework for embedding entire graphs in a vector space, in which various machine learning models are applicable for graph-level prediction tasks. We leverage new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Soheil Kolouri , Navid Naderializadeh , Gustavo K. Rohde , Heiko Hoffmann

This paper introduces SpaPool, a novel pooling method that combines the strengths of both dense and sparse techniques for a graph neural network. SpaPool groups vertices into an adaptive number of clusters, leveraging the benefits of both…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-15 Rodrigue Govan , Romane Scherrer , Philippe Fournier-Viger , Nazha Selmaoui-Folcher

We introduce BN-Pool, the first clustering-based pooling method for Graph Neural Networks that adaptively determines the number of supernodes in a coarsened graph. BN-Pool leverages a generative model based on a Bayesian nonparametric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Daniele Castellana , Filippo Maria Bianchi

Deep learning methods for graphs have seen rapid progress in recent years with much focus awarded to generalising Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to graph data. CNNs are typically realised by alternating convolutional and pooling layers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-04 Yaniv Shulman

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have revolutionized the field of machine learning on non-Euclidean data such as graphs and networks. GNNs effectively implement node representation learning through neighborhood aggregation and achieve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Zehao Dong , Muhan Zhang , Yixin Chen

Convolutional layers in graph neural networks are a fundamental type of layer which output a representation or embedding of each graph vertex. The representation typically encodes information about the vertex in question and its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-26 Padraig Corcoran

Graph Neural networks (GNNs) have recently become a powerful technique for many graph-related tasks including graph classification. Current GNN models apply different graph pooling methods that reduce the number of nodes and edges to learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Muhammad Ifte Khairul Islam , Max Khanov , Esra Akbas

Over-squashing and over-smoothing are two critical issues, that limit the capabilities of graph neural networks (GNNs). While over-smoothing eliminates the differences between nodes making them indistinguishable, over-squashing refers to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Cedric Sanders , Andreas Roth , Thomas Liebig

Inspired by the conventional pooling layers in convolutional neural networks, many recent works in the field of graph machine learning have introduced pooling operators to reduce the size of graphs. The great variety in the literature stems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Daniele Grattarola , Daniele Zambon , Filippo Maria Bianchi , Cesare Alippi

Recent years have witnessed the emergence and flourishing of hierarchical graph pooling neural networks (HGPNNs) which are effective graph representation learning approaches for graph level tasks such as graph classification. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Haoteng Tang , Guixiang Ma , Lifang He , Heng Huang , Liang Zhan

Graph-level representation learning is the pivotal step for downstream tasks that operate on the whole graph. The most common approach to this problem heretofore is graph pooling, where node features are typically averaged or summed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Kaixuan Chen , Jie Song , Shunyu Liu , Na Yu , Zunlei Feng , Gengshi Han , Mingli Song

Graph pooling is a family of operations which take graphs as input and produce shrinked graphs as output. Modern graph pooling methods are trainable and, in general inserted in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) architectures as graph shrinking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Yizhu Chen

Graph pooling is a crucial operation for encoding hierarchical structures within graphs. Most existing graph pooling approaches formulate the problem as a node clustering task which effectively captures the graph topology. Conventional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Sung Moon Ko , Sungjun Cho , Dae-Woong Jeong , Sehui Han , Moontae Lee , Honglak Lee

In this paper we propose a pooling approach for convolutional information processing on graphs relying on the theory of graphons and limits of dense graph sequences. We present three methods that exploit the induced graphon representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Alejandro Parada-Mayorga , Zhiyang Wang , Alejandro Ribeiro

Graph Neural Network (GNN) research has concentrated on improving convolutional layers, with little attention paid to developing graph pooling layers. Yet pooling layers can enable GNNs to reason over abstracted groups of nodes instead of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Frederik Diehl

Graph pooling compresses graphs and summarises their topological properties and features in a vectorial representation. It is an essential part of deep graph representation learning and is indispensable in graph-level tasks like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Jan von Pichowski , Christopher Blöcker , Ingo Scholtes

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been used effectively in different applications involving the processing of signals on irregular structures modeled by graphs. Relying on the use of shift-invariant graph filters, GNNs extend the operation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Alejandro Parada-Mayorga , Luana Ruiz , Alejandro Ribeiro

Graph classification is an important problem with applications across many domains, like chemistry and bioinformatics, for which graph neural networks (GNNs) have been state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods. GNNs are designed to learn node-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-25 Lanning Wei , Huan Zhao , Quanming Yao , Zhiqiang He