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This work focuses on the analysis of fully connected feed forward ReLU neural networks as they approximate a given, smooth function. In contrast to conventionally studied universal approximation properties under increasing architectures,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Erion Morina , Martin Holler

Neural network width and depth are fundamental aspects of network topology. Universal approximation theorems provide that with increasing width or depth, there exists a neural network that approximates a function arbitrarily well. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Ibrohim Nosirov , Jeffrey M. Hokanson

We make the case for neural network objects and extend an already existing neural network calculus explained in detail in Chapter 2 on \cite{bigbook}. Our aim will be to show that, yes, indeed, it makes sense to talk about neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Shakil Rafi , Joshua Lee Padgett , Ukash Nakarmi

Neural networks are one of the most popularly used methods in machine learning and artificial intelligence nowadays. Due to the universal approximation theorem (Hornik et al. (1989)), a neural network with one hidden layer can approximate…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-09-18 Xiaoxi Shen , Chang Jiang , Lyudmila Sakhanenko , Qing Lu

This paper studies the universal approximation property of deep neural networks for representing probability distributions. Given a target distribution $\pi$ and a source distribution $p_z$ both defined on $\mathbb{R}^d$, we prove under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Yulong Lu , Jianfeng Lu

The standard Universal Approximation Theorem for operator neural networks (NNs) holds for arbitrary width and bounded depth. Here, we prove that operator NNs of bounded width and arbitrary depth are universal approximators for continuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Annan Yu , Chloé Becquey , Diana Halikias , Matthew Esmaili Mallory , Alex Townsend

Universal approximation theory offers a foundational framework to verify neural network expressiveness, enabling principled utilization in real-world applications. However, most existing theoretical constructions are established by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 ZeYu Li , ShiJun Zhang , TieYong Zeng , FengLei Fan

The study of the expressive power of neural networks has investigated the fundamental limits of neural networks. Most existing results assume real-valued inputs and parameters as well as exact operations during the evaluation of neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Yeachan Park , Geonho Hwang , Wonyeol Lee , Sejun Park

The study of universal approximation of arbitrary functions $f: \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ by neural networks has a rich and thorough history dating back to Kolmogorov (1957). In the case of learning finite dimensional maps, many authors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-04 William H. Guss , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

In the desire to quantify the success of neural networks in deep learning and other applications, there is a great interest in understanding which functions are efficiently approximated by the outputs of neural networks. By now, there…

While it is widely known that neural networks are universal approximators of continuous functions, a less known and perhaps more powerful result is that a neural network with a single hidden layer can approximate accurately any nonlinear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Lu Lu , Pengzhan Jin , George Em Karniadakis

We establish in this work approximation results of deep neural networks for smooth functions measured in Sobolev norms, motivated by recent development of numerical solvers for partial differential equations using deep neural networks. {Our…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-07-25 Sean Hon , Haizhao Yang

Neural networks activated by the rectified linear unit (ReLU) play a central role in the recent development of deep learning. The topic of approximating functions from H\"older spaces by these networks is crucial for understanding the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Tong Mao , Ding-Xuan Zhou

In this paper we consider a new class of RBF (Radial Basis Function) neural networks, in which smoothing factors are replaced with shifts. We prove under certain conditions on the activation function that these networks are capable of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Aysu Ismayilova , Muhammad Ismayilov

At its core, machine learning seeks to train models that reliably generalize beyond noisy observations; however, the theoretical vacuum in which state-of-the-art universal approximation theorems (UATs) operate isolates them from this goal,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-03 Anastasis Kratsios , Tin Sum Cheng , Daniel Roy

We prove two universal approximation theorems for a range of dropout neural networks. These are feed-forward neural networks in which each edge is given a random $\{0,1\}$-valued filter, that have two modes of operation: in the first each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-21 Oxana A. Manita , Mark A. Peletier , Jacobus W. Portegies , Jaron Sanders , Albert Senen-Cerda

In this paper we study shallow neural network functions which are linear combinations of compositions of activation and quadratic functions, replacing standard affine linear functions, often called neurons. We show the universality of this…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-05-12 Leon Frischauf , Otmar Scherzer , Cong Shi

Recent years have witnessed strong empirical performance of over-parameterized neural networks on various tasks and many advances in the theory, e.g. the universal approximation and provable convergence to global minimum. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-26 Shiyun Xu , Zhiqi Bu

\citet{farrell2021deep} establish non-asymptotic high-probability bounds for general deep feedforward neural network (with rectified linear unit activation function) estimators, with \citet[Theorem 1]{farrell2021deep} achieving a suboptimal…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-11 Zhaoji Tang

This paper investigates the approximation power of three types of random neural networks: (a) infinite width networks, with weights following an arbitrary distribution; (b) finite width networks obtained by subsampling the preceding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-21 Bolton Bailey , Ziwei Ji , Matus Telgarsky , Ruicheng Xian