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Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to estimate a student's evolving knowledge state and predict their performance on new exercises based on performance history. Many realistic classroom settings for KT are typically low-resource in data and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Xinyi Gao , Qiucheng Wu , Yang Zhang , Xuechen Liu , Kaizhi Qian , Ying Xu , Shiyu Chang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical task in online education systems, aiming to monitor students' knowledge states throughout a learning period. Common KT approaches involve predicting the probability of a student correctly answering the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yuquan Xie , Shengtao Peng , Wanqi Yang , Ming Yang , Yang Gao

Pre-trained models of source code have recently been successfully applied to a wide variety of Software Engineering tasks; they have also seen some practical adoption in practice, e.g. for code completion. Yet, we still know very little…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Anjan Karmakar , Romain Robbes

Many recent models in software engineering introduced deep neural models based on the Transformer architecture or use transformer-based Pre-trained Language Models (PLM) trained on code. Although these models achieve the state of the arts…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-22 Rishab Sharma , Fuxiang Chen , Fatemeh Fard , David Lo

Pre-trained language models have demonstrated powerful capabilities in the field of natural language processing (NLP). Recently, code pre-trained model (PTM), which draw from the experiences of the NLP field, have also achieved…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Yu Zhao , Lina Gong , Haoxiang Zhang , Yaoshen Yu , Zhiqiu Huang

Open-ended coding tasks, which ask students to construct programs according to certain specifications, are common in computer science education. Student modeling can be challenging since their open-ended nature means that student code can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Zhangqi Duan , Nigel Fernandez , Alexander Hicks , Andrew Lan

Knowledge tracing (KT) supports personalized learning by modeling how students' knowledge states evolve over time. However, most KT models emphasize mastery of discrete knowledge components, limiting their ability to characterize broader…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Zhifeng Wang , Yaowei Dong , Chunyan Zeng

The goal of Knowledge Tracing (KT) is to estimate how well students have mastered a concept based on their historical learning of related exercises. The benefit of knowledge tracing is that students' learning plans can be better organised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Xiangyu Song , Jianxin Li , Qi Lei , Wei Zhao , Yunliang Chen , Ajmal Mian

Pre-trained models of code built on the transformer architecture have performed well on software engineering (SE) tasks such as predictive code generation, code summarization, among others. However, whether the vector representations from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Anjan Karmakar , Romain Robbes

In this paper, we propose a context-aware recommender system that models students' programming skills using embeddings of the source code they submit throughout a course. These embeddings predict students' skills across multiple programming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Carlos Eduardo P. Silva , João Pedro M. Sena , Julio C. S. Reis , André G. Santos , Lucas N. Ferreira

In recent years, the growing complexity and scale of source code have rendered manual software vulnerability detection increasingly impractical. To address this challenge, automated approaches leveraging machine learning and code embeddings…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Talaya Farasat , Joachim Posegga

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a crucial technique to predict students' future performance by observing their historical learning processes. Due to the powerful representation ability of deep neural networks, remarkable progress has been made by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Jiahao Chen , Zitao Liu , Shuyan Huang , Qiongqiong Liu , Weiqi Luo

Knowledge tracing is the task of modeling each student's mastery of knowledge concepts (KCs) as (s)he engages with a sequence of learning activities. Each student's knowledge is modeled by estimating the performance of the student on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Shalini Pandey , George Karypis

Knowledge tracing (KT) models aim to predict students' future performance based on their historical interactions. Most existing KT models rely exclusively on human-defined knowledge concepts (KCs) associated with exercises. As a result, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Yahya Badran , Christine Preisach

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to dynamically model a student's mastery of knowledge concepts based on their historical learning interactions. Most current methods rely on single-point estimates, which cannot distinguish true ability from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Zhifei Li , Lifan Chen , Jiali Yi , Xiaoju Hou , Yue Zhao , Wenxin Huang , Miao Zhang , Kui Xiao , Bing Yang

The growing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in education, particularly large language models (LLMs), has increased interest in intelligent tutoring systems. However, LLMs often show limited adaptivity and struggle to model learners'…

Modelling student knowledge is a key challenge when leveraging AI in education, with major implications for personalised learning. The Knowledge Tracing (KT) task aims to predict how students will respond to educational questions in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Max Norris , Kobi Gal , Sahan Bulathwela

Designed to track changes in students' knowledge status and predict their future answers based on students' historical answer records. Current research on KT modeling focuses on predicting future student performance based on existing,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Lixiang Xu , Xianwei Ding , Xin Yuan , Zhanlong Wang , Lu Bai , Enhong Chen , Philip S. Yu , Yuanyan Tang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' evolving knowledge states to predict future performance, serving as a foundation for personalized education. While traditional deep learning models achieve high accuracy, they often lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Runze Li , Kedi Chen , Guwei Feng , Mo Yu , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang

Software vulnerabilities represent one of the most pressing threats to computing systems. Identifying vulnerabilities in source code is crucial for protecting user privacy and reducing economic losses. Traditional static analysis tools rely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Zhonghao Jiang , Weifeng Sun , Xiaoyan Gu , Jiaxin Wu , Tao Wen , Haibo Hu , Meng Yan