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Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to model a student's learning state over time and predict their future performance. However, traditional KT methods often face challenges in explainability, scalability, and effective modeling of complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Runze Li , Siyu Wu , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang

With the recent surge in personalized learning, Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) that can accurately track students' individual knowledge states and provide tailored learning paths based on this information are in demand as an essential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Wonbeen Lee , Channyoung Lee , Junho Sohn , Hansam Cho

Knowledge tracing is the task of predicting a learner's future performance based on the history of the learner's performance. Current knowledge tracing models are built based on an extensive set of data that are collected from multiple…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Sujanya Suresh , Savitha Ramasamy , P. N. Suganthan , Cheryl Sze Yin Wong

Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT) is a widely used and interpretable student modeling approach in intelligent tutoring systems and educational data mining. However, most implementations rely on expectation-maximization or related…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Siddhartha Pradhan , Yanping Pei , Morgan Lee , Puyuan Zhang , Erin Ottmar , Adam C. Sales

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a fundamental task in educational data mining that mainly focuses on students' dynamic cognitive states of skills. The question-answering process of students can be regarded as a thinking process that considers the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Haotian Zhang , Chenyang Bu , Fei Liu , Shuochen Liu , Yuhong Zhang , Xuegang Hu

The rise of online learning has led to the development of various knowledge tracing (KT) methods. However, existing methods have overlooked the problem of increasing computational cost when utilizing large graphs and long learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Donghee Han , Daehee Kim , Minjun Lee , Daeyoung Roh , Keejun Han , Mun Yong Yi

Knowledge tracing (KT) which aims at predicting learner's knowledge mastery plays an important role in the computer-aided educational system. In recent years, many deep learning models have been applied to tackle the KT task, which have…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Hanshuang Tong , Zhen Wang , Yun Zhou , Shiwei Tong , Wenyuan Han , Qi Liu

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a fundamental component of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), enabling the modeling of students' knowledge states to predict future performance. The introduction of Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), the first deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yiyun Zhou , Wenkang Han , Jingyuan Chen

Learning effective numerical representations, or embeddings, of programs is a fundamental prerequisite for applying machine learning to automate and enhance compiler optimization. Prevailing paradigms, however, present a dilemma. Static…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Haolin Pan , Jinyuan Dong , Hongbin Zhang , Hongyu Lin , Mingjie Xing , Yanjun Wu

Knowledge tracing consists in predicting the performance of some students on new questions given their performance on previous questions, and can be a prior step to optimizing assessment and learning. Deep knowledge tracing (DKT) is a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Jill-Jênn Vie , Hisashi Kashima

Recent student knowledge modeling algorithms such as Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT) and Dynamic Key-Value Memory Networks (DKVMN) have been shown to produce accurate predictions of problem correctness within the same learning system. However,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-09-02 Richard Scruggs , Ryan S. Baker , Bruce M. McLaren

Knowledge tracing---where a machine models the knowledge of a student as they interact with coursework---is a well established problem in computer supported education. Though effectively modeling student knowledge would have high…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-06-22 Chris Piech , Jonathan Spencer , Jonathan Huang , Surya Ganguli , Mehran Sahami , Leonidas Guibas , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein

Recently, we have seen a rapid rise in usage of online educational platforms. The personalized education became crucially important in future learning environments. Knowledge tracing (KT) refers to the detection of students' knowledge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Sein Minn

Researchers have investigated the potential of leveraging pre-trained language models, such as CodeBERT, to enhance source code-related tasks. Previous methodologies have relied on CodeBERT's '[CLS]' token as the embedding representation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yong Ma , Senlin Luo , Yu-Ming Shang , Yifei Zhang , Zhengjun Li

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical technique for modeling student knowledge to support personalized learning. However, most KT systems focus on binary correctness prediction and cannot diagnose the underlying conceptual misunderstandings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yu-Chen Kang , Yu-Chien Tang , An-Zi Yen

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a fundamental technology in intelligent tutoring systems used to simulate changes in students' knowledge state during learning, track personalized knowledge mastery, and predict performance. However, current KT…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Jiahui Cen , Jianghao Lin , Weixuan Zhong , Dong Zhou , Jin Chen , Aimin Yang , Yongmei Zhou

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to model student's knowledge state and predict future performance to enable personalized learning in Intelligent Tutoring Systems. However, traditional KT methods face fundamental limitations in explainability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Jungyang Park , Suho Kang , Jaewoo Park , Jaehong Kim , Jaewoo Shin , Seonjoon Park , Youngjae Yu

Can machines trace human knowledge like humans? Knowledge tracing (KT) is a fundamental task in a wide range of applications in education, such as massive open online courses (MOOCs), intelligent tutoring systems, educational games, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Ghodai Abdelrahman , Qing Wang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) has been an established problem in the educational data mining field for decades, and it is commonly assumed that the underlying learning process being modeled remains static. Given the ever-changing landscape of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Morgan Lee , Artem Frenk , Eamon Worden , Karish Gupta , Thinh Pham , Ethan Croteau , Neil Heffernan

With the rapid development in online education, knowledge tracing (KT) has become a fundamental problem which traces students' knowledge status and predicts their performance on new questions. Questions are often numerous in online…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Yang Yang , Jian Shen , Yanru Qu , Yunfei Liu , Kerong Wang , Yaoming Zhu , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu