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We prove the possibility of achieving non-reciprocal wave propagation in space-time modulated media and give an asymptotic analysis of the non-reciprocity property in terms of the amplitude of the time-modulation. Such modulation causes a…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-09-16 Habib Ammari , Jinghao Cao , Erik Orvehed Hiltunen

Time-variant systems have recently garnered considerable attention due to their unique potentials in manipulating electromagnetic waves. Here, a novel class of topological spacetime crystals is introduced, with a traveling-wave modulation…

Optics · Physics 2025-09-24 João C. Serra , Mário G. Silveirinha

A rigorous semi-analytical Floquet analysis is proposed for a zero-thickness space-time modulated Huygens' metasurface to model and determine the strengths of the new harmonic components of the scattered fields. The proposed method is based…

Optics · Physics 2021-11-10 Ville Tiukuvaara , Tom J. Smy , Shulabh Gupta

This paper presents an analytical framework for the analysis of time-varying metal-based metamaterials. Concretely, we particularize the study to time-modulated metal-air interfaces embedded between two different semi-infinite media that…

Spatiotemporally modulated elastic metamaterials have garnered increasing interest for their potential applications in nonreciprocal wave devices. Most existing studies, however, focus on systems where spatiotemporal modulation is…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Yingrui Ye , Chunxia Liu , Alessandro Marzani , Emanuele Riva , Antonio Palermo , Xiaopeng Wang

Modulation of metasurfaces in time gives rise to several exotic space-time scattering phenomena by violating the reciprocity and generation of higher-order frequency harmonics. We introduce a new design paradigm for time-modulated…

Applied Physics · Physics 2018-12-31 Mohammad Mahdi Salary , Samad Jafar-Zanjani , Hossein Mosallaei

This paper analyzes Floquet topological insulators resulting from the time-harmonic irradiation of electromagnetic waves on two dimensional materials such as graphene. We analyze the bulk and edge topologies of approximations to the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2021-01-19 Guillaume Bal , Daniel Massatt

In Floquet engineering, we apply a time-periodic modulation to change the effective behavior of a wave system. In this work, we generalize Floquet engineering to exploit spatial degrees of freedom, expanding the scope of effective behaviors…

Optics · Physics 2025-02-04 Stella T. Schindler , Hanan Herzig Sheinfux

The engineering of the optical properties of materials in space and time is opening further directions and possibilities to control wave propagation in four dimensions (x,y,z,t). A key example of such modulations are time interfaces where…

Optics · Physics 2026-04-14 Andrew M. Naylor , Victor Pacheco-Peña

A rigorous Floquet mode analysis is proposed for a zero thickness space-time modulated Huygens' metasurface to model and determine the strengths of the new harmonic components of the scattered fields. The proposed method is based on…

Optics · Physics 2017-01-20 Shulabh Gupta , Tom. J. Smy , Scott A. Stewart

A theory of matter wave interference is developed in which resonant optical fields interact with two-level atoms. When recoil effects are included, spatial modulation of the atomic density can occur for times that are greater than or…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 B. Dubetsky , P. R. Berman

Space-time modulation adds another powerful degree of freedom to the manipulation of classical wave systems. It opens the door for complex control of wave behavior beyond the reach of stationary systems, such as nonreciprocal wave transport…

Classical Physics · Physics 2019-11-06 Junfei Li , Xiaohui Zhu , Chen Shen , Xiuyuan Peng , Steven A. Cummer

Recent research has uncovered a remarkable ability to manipulate and control electromagnetic fields to produce effects such as perfect imaging and spatial cloaking. To achieve spatial cloaking, the index of refraction is manipulated to flow…

Topological photonics has recently emerged as a very general framework for the design of unidirectional edge waveguides immune to back-scattering and deformations, as well as other platforms that feature extreme nonreciprocal wave…

Optics · Physics 2023-02-01 João C. Serra , Mário G. Silveirinha

Temporal diffraction from rapidly time-modulated materials can generate new frequency components not present in an incident wave. In such an experiment, the spectral extent of these new frequencies is determined by the rate of modulation…

Optics · Physics 2025-07-08 E. Hendry , C. M. Hooper , W. P. Wardley , S. A. R. Horsley

Controlling waves in complex media has become a major topic of interest, notably through the concepts of time reversal and wavefront shaping. Recently, it was shown that spatial light modulators can counter-intuitively focus waves both in…

Classical Physics · Physics 2016-09-28 Philipp del Hougne , Fabrice Lemoult , Mathias Fink , Geoffroy Lerosey

This paper details a class of metal-based space-time metasurfaces for application in wireless communications scenarios. Concretely, we describe space-time metasurfaces that periodically alternate their properties in time between three…

Traveling-wave modulation is a form of space-time modulation which has been shown to enable unique electromagnetic phenomena such as non-reciprocity, beam-steering, frequency conversion, and amplification. In practice, traveling-wave…

Applied Physics · Physics 2022-01-05 Cody Scarborough , Zhanni Wu , Anthony Grbic

Spatiotemporal modulation offers a variety of opportunities for light manipulations. In this paper, we propose a way towards arbitrary transformation for pulses sequentially propagating within one waveguide in space via temporal waveguide…

Optics · Physics 2023-11-15 Zhaohui Dong , Xianfeng Chen , Luqi Yuan

Periodic driving of particles can create crystalline structures in their dynamics. Such systems can be used to study solid-state physics phenomena in the time domain. In addition, it is possible to realize photonic time crystals and to…