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Reliable evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is impeded by two key challenges: objective metrics often fail to reflect human perception of natural language, and exhaustive human labeling is prohibitively expensive. Here, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Kehua Feng , Keyan Ding , Hongzhi Tan , Kede Ma , Zhihua Wang , Shuangquan Guo , Yuzhou Cheng , Ge Sun , Guozhou Zheng , Qiang Zhang , Huajun Chen

Precisely assessing the progress in natural language generation (NLG) tasks is challenging, and human evaluation to establish a preference in a model's output over another is often necessary. However, human evaluation is usually costly,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Philippe Laban , Chien-Sheng Wu , Wenhao Liu , Caiming Xiong

Natural language generation (NLG) has received increasing attention, which has highlighted evaluation as a central methodological concern. Since human evaluations for these systems are costly, automatic metrics have broad appeal in NLG.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-01 Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei

Classic evaluation methods of believable agents are time-consuming because they involve many human to judge agents. They are well suited to validate work on new believable behaviours models. However, during the implementation, numerous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2010-09-03 Fabien Tencé , Cédric Buche

Recent studies have shown the advantages of evaluating NLG systems using pairwise comparisons as opposed to direct assessment. Given $k$ systems, a naive approach for identifying the top-ranked system would be to uniformly obtain pairwise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Akash Kumar Mohankumar , Mitesh M. Khapra

The paper surveys evaluation methods of natural language generation (NLG) systems that have been developed in the last few years. We group NLG evaluation methods into three categories: (1) human-centric evaluation metrics, (2) automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-19 Asli Celikyilmaz , Elizabeth Clark , Jianfeng Gao

As machine learning (ML) models are increasingly used in social domains to make consequential decisions about humans, they often have the power to reshape data distributions. Humans, as strategic agents, continuously adapt their behaviors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Tian Xie , Xueru Zhang

Automatic dialogue response evaluator has been proposed as an alternative to automated metrics and human evaluation. However, existing automatic evaluators achieve only moderate correlation with human judgement and they are not robust. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-27 Tianyu Zhao , Divesh Lala , Tatsuya Kawahara

Personalized AI agents are becoming central to modern information retrieval, yet most evaluation methodologies remain static, relying on fixed benchmarks and one-off metrics that fail to reflect how users' needs evolve over time. These…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Kirandeep Kaur , Preetam Prabhu Srikar Dammu , Hideo Joho , Chirag Shah

Automatic evaluation of natural language generation has long been an elusive goal in NLP.A recent paradigm fine-tunes pre-trained language models to emulate human judgements for a particular task and evaluation criterion. Inspired by the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Shuhaib Mehri , Vered Shwartz

Integrating human expertise into machine learning systems often reduces the role of experts to labeling oracles, a paradigm that limits the amount of information exchanged and fails to capture the nuances of human judgment. We address this…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Belén Martín-Urcelay , Yoonsang Lee , Matthieu R. Bloch , Christopher J. Rozell

Effort estimation is a crucial activity in agile software development, where teams collaboratively review, discuss, and estimate the effort required to complete user stories in a product backlog. Current practices in agile effort estimation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Thanh-Long Bui , Hoa Khanh Dam , Rashina Hoda

For researchers leveraging Large-Language Models (LLMs) in the generation of training datasets, especially for conversational recommender systems - the absence of robust evaluation frameworks has been a long-standing problem. The efficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Harsh Lara , Manoj Tiwari

Evaluating Natural Language Generation (NLG) systems is a challenging task. Firstly, the metric should ensure that the generated hypothesis reflects the reference's semantics. Secondly, it should consider the grammatical quality of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Md Rashad Al Hasan Rony , Liubov Kovriguina , Debanjan Chaudhuri , Ricardo Usbeck , Jens Lehmann

Although current state-of-the-art language models have achieved impressive results in numerous natural language processing tasks, still they could not solve the problem of producing repetitive, dull and sometimes inconsistent text in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-10 An Nguyen

Recent advancements in neural language modelling make it possible to rapidly generate vast amounts of human-sounding text. The capabilities of humans and automatic discriminators to detect machine-generated text have been a large source of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Daphne Ippolito , Daniel Duckworth , Chris Callison-Burch , Douglas Eck

Automated evaluation of open domain natural language generation (NLG) models remains a challenge and widely used metrics such as BLEU and Perplexity can be misleading in some cases. In our paper, we propose to evaluate natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-13 Wangchunshu Zhou , Ke Xu

This paper develops and implements a scalable methodology for (a) estimating the noisiness of labels produced by a typical crowdsourcing semantic annotation task, and (b) reducing the resulting error of the labeling process by as much as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-09 David Q. Sun , Hadas Kotek , Christopher Klein , Mayank Gupta , William Li , Jason D. Williams

Conversational systems are now capable of producing impressive and generally relevant responses. However, we have no visibility nor control of the socio-emotional strategies behind state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs), which poses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Lorraine Vanel , Ariel R. Ramos Vela , Alya Yacoubi , Chloé Clavel

To overcome the limitations of automated metrics (e.g. BLEU, METEOR) for evaluating dialogue systems, researchers typically use human judgments to provide convergent evidence. While it has been demonstrated that human judgments can suffer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-24 Sashank Santhanam , Samira Shaikh