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Multilingual language models have shown decent performance in multilingual and cross-lingual natural language understanding tasks. However, the power of these multilingual models in code-switching tasks has not been fully explored. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Genta Indra Winata , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Zihan Liu , Zhaojiang Lin , Andrea Madotto , Pascale Fung

In this research paper, I will elaborate on a method to evaluate machine translation models based on their performance on underlying syntactical phenomena between English and Arabic languages. This method is especially important as such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Ofek Rafaeli , Omri Abend , Leshem Choshen , Dmitry Nikolaev

Code-switching, the phenomenon of alternating between two or more languages in a single conversation, presents unique challenges for Natural Language Processing (NLP). Most existing research focuses on either syntactic constraints or neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Garry Kuwanto , Chaitanya Agarwal , Genta Indra Winata , Derry Tanti Wijaya

Developing robust automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems for Arabic requires effective strategies to manage its diversity. Existing ASR systems mainly cover the modern standard Arabic (MSA) variety and few high-resource dialects, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Amirbek Djanibekov , Hawau Olamide Toyin , Raghad Alshalan , Abdullah Alitr , Hanan Aldarmaki

Code-mixing is a frequent communication style among multilingual speakers where they mix words and phrases from two different languages in the same utterance of text or speech. Identifying and filtering code-mixed text is a challenging task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Vivek Srivastava , Mayank Singh

Code-switching is a pervasive phenomenon in multilingual communication, yet the robustness of large language models (LLMs) in mixed-language settings remains insufficiently understood. In this work, we present a comprehensive evaluation of…

A lack of code-switching data complicates the training of code-switching (CS) language models. We propose an approach to train such CS language models on monolingual data only. By constraining and normalizing the output projection matrix in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-22 Shun-Po Chuang , Tzu-Wei Sung , Hung-Yi Lee

Conversational User Interfaces such as Voice Assistants are hugely popular. Yet they are designed to be monolingual by default, lacking support for, or sensitivity to, the bilingual dialogue experience. In this provocation paper, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Helin Cihan , Yunhan Wu , Paola Peña , Justin Edwards , Benjamin Cowan

Sentiment analysis (SA) systems are widely deployed in many of the world's languages, and there is well-documented evidence of demographic bias in these systems. In languages beyond English, scarcer training data is often supplemented with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Seraphina Goldfarb-Tarrant , Björn Ross , Adam Lopez

Code-switching (CS) is a common phenomenon and recognizing CS speech is challenging. But CS speech data is scarce and there' s no common testbed in relevant research. This paper describes the design and main outcomes of the ASRU 2019…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-14 Xian Shi , Qiangze Feng , Lei Xie

Code-switching is a pervasive linguistic phenomenon in global communication, yet modern information retrieval systems remain predominantly designed for, and evaluated within, monolingual contexts. To bridge this critical disconnect, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Qingcheng Zeng , Yuheng Lu , Zeqi Zhou , Heli Qi , Puxuan Yu , Fuheng Zhao , Hitomi Yanaka , Weihao Xuan , Naoto Yokoya

When humans read a text, their eye movements are influenced by the structural complexity of the input sentences. This cognitive phenomenon holds across languages and recent studies indicate that multilingual language models utilize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Charlotte Pouw , Nora Hollenstein , Lisa Beinborn

Probing techniques for large language models (LLMs) have primarily focused on English, overlooking the vast majority of the world's languages. In this paper, we extend these probing methods to a multilingual context, investigating the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Daoyang Li , Haiyan Zhao , Qingcheng Zeng , Mengnan Du

Language confusion -- where large language models (LLMs) generate unintended languages against the user's need -- remains a critical challenge, especially for English-centric models. We present the first mechanistic interpretability (MI)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Ercong Nie , Helmut Schmid , Hinrich Schütze

When evaluating the performance of automatic speech recognition models, usually word error rate within a certain dataset is used. Special care must be taken in understanding the dataset in order to report realistic performance numbers. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Aashish Agarwal , Torsten Zesch

Code-mixing involves the seamless integration of linguistic elements from multiple languages within a single discourse, reflecting natural multilingual communication patterns. Despite its prominence in informal interactions such as social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Svetlana Churina , Akshat Gupta , Insyirah Mujtahid , Kokil Jaidka

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown potential in speech generation and recognition, their applications are mainly confined to monolingual scenarios, with limited explorations in code-switched (CS) contexts. In this paper, we…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-25 Jing Xu , Daxin Tan , Jiaqi Wang , Xiao Chen

With increasing globalization and immigration, various studies have estimated that about half of the world population is bilingual. Consequently, individuals concurrently use two or more languages or dialects in casual conversational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Saurav K. Aryal , Howard Prioleau , Gloria Washington

Code-switching is a common phenomenon among people with diverse lingual background and is widely used on the internet for communication purposes. In this paper, we present a Recurrent Neural Network combined with the Attention Model for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Aizaz Hussain , Muhammad Umair Arshad

Proficient multilingual speakers often intentionally switch languages in the middle of a conversation. Similarly, recent reasoning-focused bilingual large language models (LLMs) with strong capabilities in both languages exhibit language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yihao Li , Jiayi Xin , Miranda Muqing Miao , Qi Long , Lyle Ungar