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A snark -- connected cubic graph with chromatic index $4$ -- is critical if the graph resulting from the removal of any pair of distinct adjacent vertices is $3$-edge-colourable; it is bicritical if the same is true for any pair of distinct…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-06-25 Ján Mazák , Jozef Rajník , Martin Škoviera

The oddness of a cubic graph is the smallest number of odd circuits in a 2-factor of the graph. This invariant is widely considered to be one of the most important measures of uncolourability of cubic graphs and as such has been repeatedly…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-01-31 Jan Goedgebeur , Edita Máčajová , Martin Škoviera

The family of snarks -- connected bridgeless cubic graphs that cannot be 3-edge-coloured -- is well-known as a potential source of counterexamples to several important and long-standing conjectures in graph theory. These include the cycle…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-01-11 Jan Goedgebeur , Edita Máčajová , Martin Škoviera

The colouring defect of a cubic graph, introduced by Steffen in 2015, is the minimum number of edges that are left uncovered by any set of three perfect matchings. Since a cubic graph has defect $0$ if and only if it is $3$-edge-colourable,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-03-17 Ján Karabáš , Edita Máčajová , Roman Nedela , Martin Škoviera

Snarks are $2$-connected cubic graphs that do not admit a proper $3$-edge-coloring. For a cubic graph $G$, its resistance $r(G)$ is the minimum number of edges whose removal results in a $3$-edge-colorable graph, while its flow resistance…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-27 Davide Mattiolo , Pietro Negrini , Silvia M. C. Pagani

In this note we construct two infinite snark families which have high oddness and low circumference compared to the number of vertices. Using this construction, we also give a counterexample to a suggested strengthening of Fulkerson's…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-03-12 Jonas Hägglund

In this paper we further our understanding of the structure of class two cubic graphs, or snarks, as they are commonly known. We do this by investigating their 3-critical subgraphs, or as we will call them, minimal conflicting subgraphs. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-01-20 Imran Allie

The essential requirement for a cubic graph to be called a snark is that it can not be edge-coloured with three colours. To avoid trivial cases, varying restrictions on the connectivity are imposed. Snarks are not only interesting in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-19 Gunnar Brinkmann , Steven Van Overberghe

We estimate the minimum number of vertices of a cubic graph with given oddness and cyclic connectivity. We prove that a bridgeless cubic graph $G$ with oddness $\omega(G)$ other than the Petersen graph has at least $5.41\cdot\omega(G)$…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2012-12-18 Robert Lukotka , Edita Macajova , Jan Mazak , Martin Skoviera

For many of the unsolved problems concerning cycles and matchings in graphs it is known that it is sufficient to prove them for \emph{snarks}, the class of nontrivial 3-regular graphs which cannot be 3-edge coloured. In the first part of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-07-01 Gunnar Brinkmann , Jan Goedgebeur , Jonas Hägglund , Klas Markström

We study snarks whose edges cannot be covered by fewer than five perfect matchings. Esperet and Mazzuoccolo found an infinite family of such snarks, generalising an example provided by Hagglund. We construct another infinite family, arising…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-01-06 Marién Abreu , Tomas Kaiser , Domenico Labbate , Giuseppe Mazzuoccolo

We present an algorithm for the efficient generation of all pairwise non-isomorphic cycle permutation graphs, i.e. cubic graphs with a $2$-factor consisting of two chordless cycles, non-hamiltonian cycle permutation graphs and permutation…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-08 Jan Goedgebeur , Jarne Renders , Steven Van Overberghe

For some time the Petersen graph has been the only known Snark with circular flow number $5$ (or more, as long as the assertion of Tutte's $5$-flow Conjecture is in doubt). Although infinitely many such snarks were presented eight years ago…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-02-25 Louis Esperet , Giuseppe Mazzuoccolo , Michael Tarsi

The colouring defect of a cubic graph is the smallest number of edges left uncovered by any set of three perfect matchings. While $3$-edge-colourable graphs have defect $0$, those that cannot be $3$-edge-coloured (that is, snarks) are known…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-10-03 Ján Karabáš , Edita Máčajová , Roman Nedela , Martin Škoviera

A {\em snark} is a cubic cyclically 4-edge connected graph with edge chromatic number four and girth at least five. We say that a graph $G$ is {\em odd 2-factored} if for each 2-factor F of G each cycle of F is odd. In this paper, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-01-13 M. Abreu , D. Labbate , R. Rizzi , J. Sheehan

A normal 5-edge-coloring of a cubic graph is a coloring such that for every edge the number of distinct colors incident to its end-vertices is 3 or 5 (and not 4). The well known Petersen Coloring Conjecture is equivalent to the statement…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-12-18 Jelena Sedlar , Riste Škrekovski

The well-known 5-flow Conjecture of Tutte, stated originally for integer flows, claims that every bridgeless graph has circular flow number at most 5. It is a classical result that the study of the 5-flow Conjecture can be reduced to cubic…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-04-04 Jan Goedgebeur , Davide Mattiolo , Giuseppe Mazzuoccolo

It is conjectured by Berge and Fulkerson that every bridgeless cubic graph has six perfect matchings such that each edge is contained in exactly two of them. H$\ddot{a}$gglund constructed two graphs Blowup$(K_4, C)$ and Blowup$(Prism,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-08-25 Ting Zheng , Rong-Xia Hao

In 1976, Loupekine introduced (via Isaacs) a very general way of constructing new snarks from old snarks by cyclically connecting multipoles constructed from smaller snarks. In this paper, we generalize Loupekine's construction to produce a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-04-12 Leah Wrenn Berman , Déborah Oliveros , Gordon I. Williams

Many conjectures and open problems in graph theory can either be reduced to cubic graphs or are directly stated for cubic graphs. Furthermore, it is known that for a lot of problems, a counterexample must be a snark, i.e. a bridgeless cubic…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-09-27 Edita Máčajová , Giuseppe Mazzuoccolo , Vahan Mkrtchyan , Jean Paul Zerafa
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