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Reinforcement learning is concerned with identifying reward-maximizing behaviour policies in environments that are initially unknown. State-of-the-art reinforcement learning approaches, such as deep Q-networks, are model-free and learn to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-18 Felix Leibfried , Nate Kushman , Katja Hofmann

This paper introduces a novel method for learning how to play the most difficult Atari 2600 games from the Arcade Learning Environment using deep reinforcement learning. The proposed method, human checkpoint replay, consists in using…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-07-19 Ionel-Alexandru Hosu , Traian Rebedea

Deep reinforcement learning agents have achieved state-of-the-art results by directly maximising cumulative reward. However, environments contain a much wider variety of possible training signals. In this paper, we introduce an agent that…

Deep reinforcement learning has been shown to be a powerful framework for learning policies from complex high-dimensional sensory inputs to actions in complex tasks, such as the Atari domain. In this paper, we explore output representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-16 Ishan P. Durugkar , Clemens Rosenbaum , Stefan Dernbach , Sridhar Mahadevan

In continual RL we want agents capable of never-ending learning, and yet our evaluation methodologies do not reflect this. The standard practice in RL is to assume unfettered access to the deployment environment for the full lifetime of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Golnaz Mesbahi , Parham Mohammad Panahi , Olya Mastikhina , Steven Tang , Martha White , Adam White

To obtain higher sample efficiency and superior final performance simultaneously has been one of the major challenges for deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Previous work could handle one of these challenges but typically failed to address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Jiajun Fan , Changnan Xiao

Mastering a video game requires skill, tactics and strategy. While these attributes may be acquired naturally by human players, teaching them to a computer program is a far more challenging task. In recent years, extensive research was…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-08 Nadav Bhonker , Shai Rozenberg , Itay Hubara

In order perform a large variety of tasks and to achieve human-level performance in complex real-world environments, Artificial Intelligence (AI) Agents must be able to learn from their past experiences and gain both knowledge and an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-13 Andrei Claudiu Roibu

In the past few years, deep reinforcement learning has been proven to solve problems which have complex states like video games or board games. The next step of intelligent agents would be able to generalize between tasks, and using prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Shu-Hsuan Hsu , I-Chao Shen , Bing-Yu Chen

Reinforcement learning has exceeded human-level performance in game playing AI with deep learning methods according to the experiments from DeepMind on Go and Atari games. Deep learning solves high dimension input problems which stop the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Yue Zheng

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm in Artificial Intelligence (AI), enabling agents to learn optimal behaviors through interactions with their environments. Drawing from the foundations of trial and error, RL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Majid Ghasemi , Amir Hossein Moosavi , Dariush Ebrahimi

In recent years, reinforcement learning has been successful in solving video games from Atari to Star Craft II. However, the end-to-end model-free reinforcement learning (RL) is not sample efficient and requires a significant amount of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Yunqi Zhao , Igor Borovikov , Jason Rupert , Caedmon Somers , Ahmad Beirami

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are powerful tools for solving visuomotor decision tasks. However, the trained models are often difficult to interpret, because they are represented as end-to-end deep neural networks. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Sihang Guo , Ruohan Zhang , Bo Liu , Yifeng Zhu , Mary Hayhoe , Dana Ballard , Peter Stone

We introduce the first deep reinforcement learning agent that learns to beat Atari games with the aid of natural language instructions. The agent uses a multimodal embedding between environment observations and natural language to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-04-20 Russell Kaplan , Christopher Sauer , Alexander Sosa

We evaluate the use of original game curricula supported by the Atari 2600 console as a heterogeneous transfer benchmark for deep reinforcement learning agents. Game designers created curricula using combinations of several discrete…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Andrei A. Rusu , Sebastian Flennerhag , Dushyant Rao , Razvan Pascanu , Raia Hadsell

While deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) agents are effective at maximizing rewards, it is often unclear what strategies they use to do so. In this paper, we take a step toward explaining deep RL agents through a case study using Atari…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Sam Greydanus , Anurag Koul , Jonathan Dodge , Alan Fern

Over the past decade, remarkable progress has been made in adopting deep neural networks to enhance the performance of conventional reinforcement learning. A notable milestone was the development of Deep Q-Networks (DQN), which achieved…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-14 Klinsmann Agyei , Pouria Sarhadi , Daniel Polani

Advances in deep reinforcement learning have allowed autonomous agents to perform well on Atari games, often outperforming humans, using only raw pixels to make their decisions. However, most of these games take place in 2D environments…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Guillaume Lample , Devendra Singh Chaplot

In the last decade, deep learning has achieved great success in machine learning tasks where the input data is represented with different levels of abstractions. Driven by the recent research in reinforcement learning using deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Dejan Markovikj

Motivated by vision-based reinforcement learning (RL) problems, in particular Atari games from the recent benchmark Aracade Learning Environment (ALE), we consider spatio-temporal prediction problems where future (image-)frames are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-12-23 Junhyuk Oh , Xiaoxiao Guo , Honglak Lee , Richard Lewis , Satinder Singh