Related papers: Using principal stratification in analysis of clin…
The treatment effect in a specific subgroup is often of interest in randomized clinical trials. When the subgroup is characterized by the absence of certain post-randomization events, a naive analysis on the subset of patients without these…
Recent research in causal inference has made important progress in addressing challenges to the external validity of trial findings. Such methods weight trial participant data to more closely resemble the distribution of effect-modifying…
Causal inference is best understood using potential outcomes. This use is particularly important in more complex settings, that is, observational studies or randomized experiments with complications such as noncompliance. The topic of this…
The causal effect of a randomized job training program, the JOBS II study, on trainees' depression is evaluated. Principal stratification is used to deal with noncompliance to the assigned treatment. Due to the latent nature of the…
A platform trial is an innovative clinical trial design that uses a master protocol to evaluate multiple treatments, where patients are often assigned to different subsets of treatment arms based on individual characteristics, enrollment…
Post-treatment confounding is a common problem in causal inference, including special cases of noncompliance, truncation by death, surrogate endpoint, etc. Principal stratification (Frangakis and Rubin 2002) is a general framework for…
Propensity score weighting approaches have been widely implemented in clinical research to estimate the effects of a treatment or exposure while mitigating the risk of confounding in the absence of random assignment. In practice, when…
Basic propensity score methodology is designed to balance multivariate pre-treatment covariates when comparing one active treatment with one control treatment. Practical settings often involve comparing more than two treatments, where more…
It has recently become popular to define treatment effects for subsets of the target population characterized by variables not observable at the time a treatment decision is made. Characterizing and estimating such treatment effects is…
Causal inference concerns not only the average effect of the treatment on the outcome but also the underlying mechanism through an intermediate variable of interest. Principal stratification characterizes such a mechanism by targeting…
Although randomized controlled trials have long been regarded as the ``gold standard'' for evaluating treatment effects, there is no natural prevention from post-treatment events. For example, non-compliance makes the actual treatment…
Randomized clinical trials are the gold standard for analyzing treatment effects, but high costs and ethical concerns can limit recruitment, potentially leading to invalid inferences. Incorporating external trial data with similar…
Interim analyses for group-sequential decision making are prevalent in clinical trials. Methodology is well established and has been routinely implemented over the last decades. Still, confusions and uncertainties on aspects of how to…
Motivated by a potential-outcomes perspective, the idea of principal stratification has been widely recognized for its relevance in settings susceptible to posttreatment selection bias such as randomized clinical trials where treatment…
Clinical trials usually involve sequential patient entry. When designing a clinical trial, it is often desirable to include a provision for interim analyses of accumulating data with the potential for stopping the trial early. We review…
In many causal studies, outcomes are censored by death, in the sense that they are neither observed nor defined for units who die. In such studies, the focus is usually on the stratum of always survivors up to a single fixed time s.…
With medical tests becoming increasingly available, concerns about over-testing and over-treatment dramatically increase. Hence, it is important to understand the influence of testing on treatment selection in general practice. Most…
There is wide agreement on the importance of implementation data from randomized effectiveness studies in behavioral science; however, there are few methods available to incorporate these data into causal models, especially when they are…
Estimating treatment effects for subgroups defined by post-treatment behavior (i.e., estimating causal effects in a principal stratification framework) can be technically challenging and heavily reliant on strong assumptions. We investigate…
The principal stratification has become a popular tool to address a broad class of causal inference questions, particularly in dealing with non-compliance and truncation-by-death problems. The causal effects within principal strata which…