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Convenient parameterizations of matrices in terms of vectors transform (certain classes of) matrix equations into covariant (hence rotation-invariant) vector equations. Certain recently introduced such parameterizations are tersely…
Contrastive explanations clarify why an event occurred in contrast to another. They are more inherently intuitive to humans to both produce and comprehend. We propose a methodology to produce contrastive explanations for classification…
In this paper, we shall show that the vector-scalar potential ($\mathbf{A}$-$\Phi$) formulation, for many problems, can be further simplified by ignoring the scalar potential contribution and setting it to zero.
In real-world applications, observations are often constrained to a small fraction of a system. Such spatial subsampling can be caused by the inaccessibility or the sheer size of the system, and cannot be overcome by longer sampling.…
Scalar fields are crucial components in high energy physics and extensions of General Relativity. The fact they are not observed in the solar system may be due to a mechanism which screens their presence in high dense regions. We show how…
We study admissibility of a subclass of generalized Bayes estimators of a multivariate normal vector when the variance is unknown, under scaled quadratic loss. Minimaxity is also established for certain of these estimators.
We consider the effect of various particles on the cosmic expansion rate relative to that of the graviton. Effectively massless fermions, gauge bosons and conformally coupled scalars make only minuscule contributions due to local conformal…
Scalar-tensor theories have a long history as possible phenomenological alternatives to General Relativity, but are known to potentially produce deviations from the (strong) equivalence principle in systems involving self-gravitating…
The main purpose of this article is to alert spectroscopists, particularly those involved in surveys, to the fact that rapidly pulsating sources induce periodic structures in spectra. This would allow the detection of new classes of objects…
The gap between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics has an important interpretive implication: the Universe must have an irreducible fundamental level, which determines the properties of matter at higher levels of organization. We…
A general approach to the measurement of an observable with pre- and post-selection is presented. The limit of weak measurement is studied in detail, and it is shown that the phase of the probe, including a Hamiltonian contribution to it,…
We introduce an algorithm which, in the context of nonlinear regression on vector-valued explanatory variables, chooses those combinations of vector components that provide best prediction. The algorithm devotes particular attention to…
We consider alternative theories of gravity with a direct coupling between matter and the Ricci scalar We study the relation between these theories and ordinary scalar-tensor gravity, or scalar-tensor theories which include non-standard…
The readings of a highly inaccurate "weak" quantum meter, employed to determine the value of a dichotomous variable $S$ without destroying the interference between the alternatives,may take arbitrary values. We show that the expected values…
We consider a long range scalar force that mainly couples to dark matter and unstable Standard Model states, like the muon, with tiny strength. Probing this type of force would present a challenge to observations. We point out that the…
Significance tests are probably the most extended form of inference in empirical research, and significance is often interpreted as providing greater informational content than non-significance. In this article we show, however, that…
The scalar contributions to the radiative decays of light vector mesons into a pair of neutral pseudoscalars, $V\to P^0P^0\gamma$, are studied within the framework of the Linear Sigma Model. This model has the advantage of incorporating not…
Light scalar fields typically develop spatially varying backgrounds during inflation. Very often they do not directly affect the density perturbations, but interact with other fields that do leave nontrivial signals in primordial…
Behavioural economics provides labels for patterns in human economic behaviour. Probability weighting is one such label. It expresses a mismatch between probabilities used in a formal model of a decision (i.e. model parameters) and…
Causal Models are like Dependency Graphs and Belief Nets in that they provide a structure and a set of assumptions from which a joint distribution can, in principle, be computed. Unlike Dependency Graphs, Causal Models are models of…