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Modern keyboards allow a musician to play multiple instruments at the same time by assigning zones -- fixed pitch ranges of the keyboard -- to different instruments. In this paper, we aim to further extend this idea and examine the…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Hao-Wen Dong , Chris Donahue , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick , Julian McAuley

Many music AI models learn a map between music content and human-defined labels. However, many annotations, such as chords, can be naturally expressed within the music modality itself, e.g., as sequences of symbolic notes. This observation…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Junyan Jiang , Daniel Chin , Liwei Lin , Xuanjie Liu , Gus Xia

Music transcription is the process of transcribing music audio into music notation. It is a field in which the machines still cannot beat human performance. The main motivation for automatic music transcription is to make it possible for…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-25 Bojan Sofronievski , Branislav Gerazov

Musical features and descriptors could be coarsely divided into three levels of complexity. The bottom level contains the basic building blocks of music, e.g., chords, beats and timbre. The middle level contains concepts that emerge from…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-06-14 Anna Aljanaki , Mohammad Soleymani

Music scores are written representations of music and contain rich information about musical components. The visual information on music scores includes notes, rests, staff lines, clefs, dynamics, and articulations. This visual information…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yuheng Lin , Zheqi Dai , Qiuqiang Kong

Representing symbolic music with compound tokens, where each token consists of several different sub-tokens representing a distinct musical feature or attribute, offers the advantage of reducing sequence length. While previous research has…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-17 HaeJun Yoo , Hao-Wen Dong , Jongmin Jung , Dasaem Jeong

Transformer-based language models often achieve strong results on mathematical reasoning benchmarks while remaining fragile on basic numerical understanding and arithmetic operations. A central limitation is that numbers are processed as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Andreea Dutulescu , Stefan Ruseti , Mihai Dascalu

Music contains hierarchical structures beyond beats and measures. While hierarchical structure annotations are helpful for music information retrieval and computer musicology, such annotations are scarce in current digital music databases.…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Junyan Jiang , Daniel Chin , Yixiao Zhang , Gus Xia

We present a unified framework for automatic multitrack music arrangement that enables a single pre-trained symbolic music model to handle diverse arrangement scenarios, including reinterpretation, simplification, and additive generation.…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Longshen Ou , Jingwei Zhao , Ziyu Wang , Gus Xia , Qihao Liang , Torin Hopkins Ye Wang

Research on style transfer and domain translation has clearly demonstrated the ability of deep learning-based algorithms to manipulate images in terms of artistic style. More recently, several attempts have been made to extend such…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Ondřej Cífka , Umut Şimşekli , Gaël Richard

In the realm of music AI, arranging rich and structured multi-track accompaniments from a simple lead sheet presents significant challenges. Such challenges include maintaining track cohesion, ensuring long-term coherence, and optimizing…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Jingwei Zhao , Gus Xia , Ziyu Wang , Ye Wang

In the task of generating music, the art factor plays a big role and is a great challenge for AI. Previous work involving adversarial training to produce new music pieces and modeling the compatibility of variety in music (beats, tempo,…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-01-09 Abhinav Kaushal Keshari

Music source separation is the task of separating a mixture of instruments into constituent tracks. Music source separation models are typically trained using only audio data, although additional information can be used to improve the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-04 Eetu Tunturi , David Diaz-Guerra , Archontis Politis , Tuomas Virtanen

Recent advancements in generative models have shown remarkable progress in music generation. However, most existing methods focus on generating monophonic or homophonic music, while the generation of polyphonic and multi-track music with…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Hongfei Wang

In this paper we propose the Music Note Ontology, an ontology for modelling music notes and their realisation. The ontology addresses the relation between a note represented in a symbolic representation system, and its realisation, i.e. a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Andrea Poltronieri , Aldo Gangemi

Existing text-to-music models can produce high-quality audio with great diversity. However, textual prompts alone cannot precisely control temporal musical features such as chords and rhythm of the generated music. To address this…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Yun-Han Lan , Wen-Yi Hsiao , Hao-Chung Cheng , Yi-Hsuan Yang

Existing approaches for generating multitrack music with transformer models have been limited in terms of the number of instruments, the length of the music segments and slow inference. This is partly due to the memory requirements of the…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Hao-Wen Dong , Ke Chen , Shlomo Dubnov , Julian McAuley , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick

The ''pretraining-and-finetuning'' paradigm has become a norm for training domain-specific models in natural language processing and computer vision. In this work, we aim to examine this paradigm for symbolic music generation through…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Weihan Xu , Julian McAuley , Shlomo Dubnov , Hao-Wen Dong

State-of-the-art symbolic music generation models have recently achieved remarkable output quality, yet explicit control over compositional features, such as tonal tension, remains challenging. We propose a novel approach that integrates a…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Maral Ebrahimzadeh , Gilberto Bernardes , Sebastian Stober

Conventional music visualisation systems rely on handcrafted ad hoc transformations of shapes and colours that offer only limited expressiveness. We propose two novel pipelines for automatically generating music videos from any…