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The Karhunen-Lo\`eve transform (KLT) stands as a well-established discrete transform, demonstrating optimal characteristics in data decorrelation and dimensionality reduction. Its ability to condense energy compression into a select few…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-15 A. P. Radünz , D. F. G. Coelho , F. M. Bayer , R. J. Cintra , A. Madanayake

The Karhunen-Lo\`eve transform (KLT) is often used for data decorrelation and dimensionality reduction. The KLT is able to optimally retain the signal energy in only few transform components, being mathematically suitable for image and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-15 A. P. Radünz , T. L. T. da Silveira , F. M. Bayer , R. J. Cintra

The discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a central tool for image and video coding because it can be related to the Karhunen-Lo\`eve transform (KLT), which is the optimal transform in terms of retained transform coefficients and data…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-28 A. P. Radünz , L. Portella , R. S. Oliveira , F. M. Bayer , R. J. Cintra

Discrete transforms play an important role in many signal processing applications, and low-complexity alternatives for classical transforms became popular in recent years. Particularly, the discrete cosine transform (DCT) has proven to be…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-23 D. R. Canterle , T. L. T. da Silveira , F. M. Bayer , R. J. Cintra

The discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a relevant tool in signal processing applications, mainly known for its good decorrelation properties. Current image and video coding standards -- such as JPEG and HEVC -- adopt the DCT as a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-09 T. L. T. da Silveira , D. R. Canterle , D. F. G. Coelho , V. A. Coutinho , F. M. Bayer , R. J. Cintra

The usage of linear transformations has great relevance for data decorrelation applications, like image and video compression. In that sense, the discrete Tchebichef transform (DTT) possesses useful coding and decorrelation properties. The…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-10-14 P. A. M. Oliveira , R. J. Cintra , F. M. Bayer , S. Kulasekera , A. Madanayake , V. A. Coutinho

Transform coding to sparsify signal representations remains crucial in an image compression pipeline. While the Karhunen-Lo\`{e}ve transform (KLT) computed from an empirical covariance matrix $\bar{C}$ is theoretically optimal for a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-03 Saghar Bagheri , Tam Thuc Do , Gene Cheung , Antonio Ortega

Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is very important in image compression. Classical 1-D DCT and 2-D DCT has time complexity O(NlogN) and O(N²logN) respectively. This paper presents a quantum DCT iteration, and constructs a quantum 1-D…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Chao Yang Pang , Zheng Wei Zhou , Guang Can Guo

In this work, we propose a new method of computing the Karhunen-Lo\`{e}ve Transform (KLT) applied to complex voltage data for the detection and noise level reduction in astronomical signals. We compared this method with the standard KLT…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-03-10 Matteo Trudu , Maura Pilia , Gregory Hellbourg , Pierpaolo Pari , Nicolò Antonietti , Claudio Maccone , Andrea Melis , Delphine Perrodin , Alessio Trois

Particle picking is currently a critical step in the cryo-EM single particle reconstruction pipeline. Despite extensive work on this problem, for many data sets it is still challenging, especially for low SNR micrographs. We present the KLT…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2019-12-16 Amitay Eldar , Boris Landa , Yoel Shkolnisky

An orthogonal approximation for the 8-point discrete cosine transform (DCT) is introduced. The proposed transformation matrix contains only zeros and ones; multiplications and bit-shift operations are absent. Close spectral behavior…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2014-02-26 R. J. Cintra , F. M. Bayer

Due to its remarkable energy compaction properties, the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is employed in a multitude of compression standards, such as JPEG and H.265/HEVC. Several low-complexity integer approximations for the DCT have been…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2016-12-05 R. J. Cintra , F. M. Bayer , V. A. Coutinho , S. Kulasekera , A. Madanayake

In this work, we present a comparison between two techniques of image compression. In the first case, the image is divided in blocks which are collected according to zig-zag scan. In the second one, we apply the Fast Cosine Transform to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-07-13 Mario Mastriani , Juliana Gambini

Forward adaptive transform coding of images requires a codebook of transform matrices from which the best transform can be chosen for each macroblock. Codebook construction is a problem of designing a quantizer for Karhunen-L\'{o}eve…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Rashmi Boragolla , Pradeepa Yahampath

The discrete cosine transform (DCT) is the key step in many image and video coding standards. The 8-point DCT is an important special case, possessing several low-complexity approximations widely investigated. However, 16-point DCT…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2017-02-08 F. M. Bayer , R. J. Cintra , A. Edirisuriya , A. Madanayake

Linear block transform coding remains a fundamental component of image and video compression. Although the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is widely employed in all current compression standards, its sub-optimality has sparked ongoing…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-28 Alessandro Gnutti , Chia-Hao Kao , Wen-Hsiao Peng , Riccardo Leonardi

Discrete trigonometric transforms (DTTs), such as the DCT-2 and the DST-7, are widely used in video codecs for their balance between coding performance and computational efficiency. In contrast, data-dependent transforms, such as the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-25 Samuel Fernández-Menduiña , Eduardo Pavez , Antonio Ortega , Tsung-Wei Huang , Thuong Nguyen Canh , Guan-Ming Su , Peng Yin

Image deblurring is a challenging problem in imaging due to its highly ill-posed nature. Deep learning models have shown great success in tackling this problem but the quest for the best image quality has brought their computational…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-08 Ziyao Yi , Diego Valsesia , Tiziano Bianchi , Enrico Magli

A model, called the linear transform network (LTN), is proposed to analyze the compression and estimation of correlated signals transmitted over directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). An LTN is a DAG network with multiple source and receiver…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-04-15 Naveen Goela , Michael Gastpar

For the last few decades, the application of signal-adaptive transform coding to video compression has been stymied by the large computational complexity of matrix-based solutions. In this paper, we propose a novel parametric approach to…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-29 Amir Said , Xin Zhao , Marta Karczewicz , Hilmi E. Egilmez , Vadim Seregin , Jianle Chen
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