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Quantum key distribution (QKD), providing a way to generate secret keys with information-theoretic security,is arguably one of the most significant achievements in quantum information. The continuous-variable QKD (CV-QKD) offers the…

Simultaneous quantum-classical communications (SQCC) protocols are a family of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) protocols which allow for quantum and classical symbols to be integrated concurrently on the same optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Nicholas Zaunders , Ziqing Wang , Robert Malaney , Ryan Aguinaldo , Timothy C. Ralph

In this paper, we consider communication on a two-hop channel, in which a source wants to send information reliably and securely to the destination via a relay. We consider both the untrusted relay case and the external eavesdropper case.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-09-15 Zhijie Ren , Jasper Goseling , Jos H. Weber , Michael Gastpar

The coherent one-way (COW) quantum key distribution (QKD) is a highly practical quantum communication protocol that is currently deployed in off-the-shelves products. However, despite its simplicity and widespread use, the security of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-26 Emilien Lavie , Charles C. -W. Lim

We consider various issues which arise as soon as one tries to practically implement simple networks of quantum relays for QKD. In particular we discuss authentication and routing which are essential ingredients of any QKD network. This…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Andrea Pasquinucci

The goal of quantum key distribution (QKD) is to establish a secure key between two parties connected by an insecure quantum channel. To use a QKD protocol in practice, one has to prove that a finite size key is secure against general…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-21 Tony Metger , Renato Renner

A semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol allows two users, one of whom is restricted in their quantum capabilities, to establish a shared secret key, secure against an all-powerful adversary. In this paper, we design a new SQKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-29 Hasan Iqbal , Walter O. Krawec

Numerical security proofs offer a versatile approach for evaluating the secret-key generation rate of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols. However, existing methods typically require perfect source characterization, which is…

This paper proposes an optimization of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Networks using Graph Neural Networks (GNN) framework. Today, the development of quantum computers threatens the security systems of classical cryptography. Moreover, as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-21 Akshit Pramod Anchan , Ameiy Acharya , Leki Chom Thungon

A semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol allows a quantum user and a limited "classical" user to establish a shared secret key secure against an all-powerful adversary. In this work, we present a new SQKD protocol where the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-17 Walter O. Krawec , Eric P. Geiss

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises secure key agreement by using quantum mechanical systems. We argue that QKD will be an important part of future cryptographic infrastructures. It can provide long-term confidentiality for encrypted…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-01-25 Douglas Stebila , Michele Mosca , Norbert Lütkenhaus

Quantum key distribution is a way to distribute secret keys to distant users with information theoretic security and key rates suitable for real-world applications. Its rate-distance figure, however, is limited by the natural loss of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-12 Kiyoshi Tamaki , Hoi-Kwong Lo , Wenyuan Wang , Marco Lucamarini

Endogenous security in next-generation wireless communication systems attracts increasing attentions in recent years. A typical solution to endogenous security problems is the quantum key distribution (QKD), where unconditional security can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Shouye Miao , Renzhi Yuan , Bin Cao , Mufei Zhao , Zhifeng Wang , Mugen Peng

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to provide theoretically unconditional security for cryptographic key sharing. However, practical implementations remain vulnerable due to non-ideal devices and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-22 Cong Jiang , Xiao-Long Hu , Zong-Wen Yu , Hai Xu , Xiang-Bin Wang

Since 1984, various optical quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols have been proposed and examined. In all of them, the rate of secret key generation decays exponentially with distance. A natural and fundamental question is then whether…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-29 Masahiro Takeoka , Saikat Guha , Mark M. Wilde

Physical-layer Network Coding (PNC) can significantly improve the throughput of two-way relay channels. An interesting variant of PNC is Analog Network Coding (ANC). Almost all ANC schemes proposed to date, however, operate in a symbol by…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2011-10-17 Shengli Zhang , Soung-Chang Liew , Qingfeng Zhou , Lu Lu , Hui Wang

One of the obstacles to deployment of QKD solutions has been the distance limitation. Solutions using relays have been proposed but these rely on link-by-link key establishment. We present a new technique to extend the distance of a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-17 Stephen M. Barnett , Simon J. D. Phoenix

Secret-message transmission by echoing encrypted probes (STEEP) is discussed as an alternative to quantum key distribution (QKD). The former only needs classic or non-quantum channels while the latter needs both quantum and classic channels…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-11 Yingbo Hua

In a recent paper [4], Mari\'c et al. analyzed the performance of the analog network coding (ANC) in a layered relay network for the high-SNR regime. They have proved that under the ANC scheme, if each relay transmits the received signals…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2011-06-21 Binyue Liu , Ning Cai

Semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocols attempt to establish a shared secret key between users, secure against computationally unbounded adversaries. Unlike standard quantum key distribution protocols, SQKD protocols contain at least…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-22 Saachi Mutreja , Walter O. Krawec
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