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Quantum networks are considered as a promising future platform for quantum information exchange and quantum applications, which have capabilities far beyond the traditional communication networks. Remote quantum entanglement is an essential…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Yiming Zeng , Jiarui Zhang , Ji Liu , Zhenhua Liu , Yuanyuan Yang

Optimal routing is a fundamental challenge in quantum networking, with several approaches proposed to identify the most efficient path for end-to-end (e2e) entanglement generation between pairs of nodes. In this paper, we show that…

A quantum network is expected to enhance distributed quantum computing and quantum communication over a long distance while providing unconditional security. As quantum entanglement is essential for a quantum network, major issues from…

In this paper, a space-air-ground quantum (SPARQ) network is developed as a means for providing a seamless on-demand entanglement distribution. The node mobility in SPARQ poses significant challenges to entanglement routing. Existing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-20 Mohamed Shaban , Muhammad Ismail , Walid Saad

Quantum networks are expected to enhance distributed quantum computing and quantum communication over long distances while providing security dependent upon physical effects rather than mathematical assumptions. Through simulation, we show…

This paper presents a comparative analysis of three routing strategies in opportunistic quantum networks. Quantum communication networks face unique challenges, such as the fragility of qubits and the need to create and maintain pairs of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Diego Abreu , Alan Veloso , Antonio Abelém

Quantum networks will be able to service consumers with long-distance entanglement by use of quantum repeaters that generate Bell pairs (or links) with their neighbors, iid with probability $p$ and perform Bell State Measurements (BSMs) on…

In quantum networks, a set of entangled states distributed over multiple, alternative, distinct paths between a pair of source-destination nodes can be purified to obtain a higher fidelity entangled state between the nodes. This multipath…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Rajni Bala , Md Sohel Mondal , Siddhartha Santra

Quantum networks crucially rely on the availability of high-quality entangled pairs of qubits, known as entangled links, distributed across distant nodes. Maintaining the quality of these links is a challenging task due to the presence of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Bethany Davies , Álvaro G. Iñesta , Stephanie Wehner

We study the problem of entanglement distribution in terms of maximizing a utility function that captures the total fidelity of end-to-end entanglements in a two-link linear quantum network with a source, a repeater, and a destination. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-15 Iordanis Koutsopoulos

Noise and photon loss encountered on quantum channels pose a major challenge for reliable entanglement generation in quantum networks. In near-term networks, heralding is required to inform endpoints of successfully generated entanglement.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-17 Mohammad Mobayenjarihani , Gayane Vardoyan , Don Towsley

Scalable quantum networks must support concurrent entanglement requests, yet existing routing protocols fail when users compete for shared repeater resources, wasting fragile quantum states. This paper presents RADAR-Q, a resource-aware…

Entanglement purification with two entangled resource pairs is widely employed in the literature on quantum repeater networks to counteract fidelity degradation introduced by noisy quantum memories and entanglement swapping across multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Anoosha Fayyaz , Prashant Krishnamurthy , Kaushik Seshadreesan , Amy Babay , David Tipper

In the era of 6G and beyond, space-aerial-terrestrial quantum networks (SATQNs) are shaping the future of the global-scale quantum Internet. This paper investigates the collaboration among satellite, aerial, and terrestrial quantum networks…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-05 Yu Zhang , Yanmin Gong , Lei Fan , Yu Wang , Zhu Han , Yuanxiong Guo

High-quality long-distance entanglement is essential for both quantum communication and scalable quantum networks. Entanglement purification is to distill high-quality entanglement from low-quality entanglement in a noisy environment and it…

We study the use of entanglement purification for quantum communication over long distances. For distances much longer than the coherence length of a corresponding noisy quantum channel, the fidelity of transmission is usually so low that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-18 W. Dür , H. - J. Briegel , J. I. Cirac , P. Zoller

The primary task of a quantum repeater network is to deliver entanglement among end nodes. Most of existing entanglement distribution protocols do not consider purification, which is thus delegated to an upper layer. This is a major…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Leonardo Bacciottini , Luciano Lenzini , Enzo Mingozzi , Giuseppe Anastasi

Quantum repeater networks distribute entanglement over lossy links while many users share a limited pool of entangled pairs. Most existing routing schemes either always use a single best path or rely on global optimizations that are hard to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Ankit Mishra , Kang Hao Cheong

With the emergence of the Quantum Internet, the need for advanced quantum networking techniques has significantly risen. Various models of quantum repeaters have been presented, each delineating a unique strategy to ensure quantum…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Zebo Yang , Ali Ghubaish , Raj Jain , Hassan Shapourian , Alireza Shabani

Quantum routing, the entanglement of an input quantum signal over multiple output paths, will be an important aspect of future quantum networks. Implementation of such routing in emerging quantum networks via the noisy quantum devices…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-10 Wenbo Shi , Robert Malaney