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Quantum simulation is a foundational application for quantum computers, projected to offer insights into complex quantum systems beyond the reach of classical computation. However, with the exception of Trotter-based methods, which suffer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Amir Kalev , Itay Hen

The Trotter product formula is a key instrument in numerical simulations of quantum systems. However, computers cannot deal with continuous degrees of freedom, such as the position of particles in molecules, or the amplitude of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-29 Daniel Burgarth , Niklas Galke , Alexander Hahn , Lauritz van Luijk

Understanding the dynamics of quantum systems is crucial in many areas of physics, but simulating many-body systems presents significant challenges due to the large Hilbert space to navigate and the exponential growth of computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-14 Sangjin Lee , Youngseok Kim , Seung-Woo Lee

The quantum circuit model is the de-facto way of designing quantum algorithms. Yet any level of abstraction away from the underlying hardware incurs overhead. In the era of near-term, noisy, intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) hardware with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-27 Laura Clinton , Johannes Bausch , Toby Cubitt

The simulation of molecules is a widely anticipated application of quantum computers. However, recent studies \cite{WBCH13a,HWBT14a} have cast a shadow on this hope by revealing that the complexity in gate count of such simulations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-05 David Poulin , M. B. Hastings , Dave Wecker , Nathan Wiebe , Andrew C. Doherty , Matthias Troyer

Quantum simulation is a cornerstone application of quantum computing, yet how fundamental quantum resources--entanglement and non-stabilizerness (``magic")--shape simulation fidelity remains an open question. In this work, we establish a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Xiangran Zhang , Jue Xu , Qi Zhao , You Zhou

Hamiltonian simulation using product formulas is arguably the most straightforward and practical approach for algorithmic simulation of a quantum system's dynamics on a quantum computer. Here we present corrected product formulas (CPFs), a…

Product formulas are one of the main approaches for quantum simulation of the Hamiltonian dynamics of a quantum system. Their implementation cost is computed based on error bounds which are often pessimistic, resulting in overestimating the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-19 Kasra Hejazi , Modjtaba Shokrian Zini , Juan Miguel Arrazola

The algorithmic error of digital quantum simulations is usually explored in terms of the spectral norm distance between the actual and ideal evolution operators. In practice, this worst-case error analysis may be unnecessarily pessimistic.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-02 Qi Zhao , You Zhou , Alexander F. Shaw , Tongyang Li , Andrew M. Childs

Achieving an accurate description of fermionic systems typically requires considerably many more orbitals than fermions. Previous resource analyses of quantum chemistry simulation often failed to exploit this low fermionic number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-24 Sam McArdle , Earl Campbell , Yuan Su

Trotter product formulas are a natural and powerful approach to perform quantum simulation. However, the error analysis of product formulas is challenging, and their cost is often overestimated. It is established that Trotter error can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Nick S. Blunt , Aleksei V. Ivanov , Andreas Juul Bay-Smidt

We provide three improvements to the product formula implementation of the ground state energy estimation algorithm via Trotter-Suzuki decomposition. These consist of smaller circuit templates for each Hamiltonian term, parallelization of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-26 Andre Kornell , Peter Selinger

Simulating real-time dynamics under a Hamiltonian is a central goal of quantum information science. While numerous Hamiltonian-simulation quantum algorithms have been proposed, the effects of physical noise have rarely been incorporated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 Keisuke Murota , Synge Todo , Suguru Endo

The quantum simulation of quantum chemistry is a promising application of quantum computers. However, for N molecular orbitals, the $\mathcal{O}(N^4)$ gate complexity of performing Hamiltonian and unitary Coupled Cluster Trotter steps makes…

Computational Physics · Physics 2022-05-18 Mario Motta , Erika Ye , Jarrod R. McClean , Zhendong Li , Austin J. Minnich , Ryan Babbush , Garnet Kin-Lic Chan

Simulation of continuous time evolution requires time discretization on both classical and quantum computers. A finer time step improves simulation precision, but it inevitably leads to increased computational efforts. This is particularly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-16 Hongzheng Zhao , Marin Bukov , Markus Heyl , Roderich Moessner

Digital quantum simulation of many-body dynamics relies on Trotterization to decompose the target time evolution into elementary quantum gates operating at a fixed equidistant time discretization. Recent advances have outlined protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-11 Hongzheng Zhao , Ao Chen , Shu-Wei Liu , Marin Bukov , Markus Heyl , Roderich Moessner

We provide a new approach for compiling quantum simulation circuits that appear in Trotter, qDRIFT and multi-product formulas to Clifford and non-Clifford operations that can reduce the number of non-Clifford operations by a factor of up to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-09 Priyanka Mukhopadhyay , Nathan Wiebe , Hong Tao Zhang

A complex but important challenge in understanding quantum mechanical phenomena is the simulation of quantum many-body dynamics. Although quantum computers offer significant potential to accelerate these simulations, their practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-26 Gian Gentinetta , Friederike Metz , Giuseppe Carleo

Trotterization in quantum mechanics is an important theoretical concept in handling the exponential of noncommutative operators. In this communication, we give a mathematical formulation of the Trotter Product Formula, and apply it to basic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-30 Physics Claire Kluber

Simulating the time evolution of quantum field theories given some Hamiltonian $H$ requires developing algorithms for implementing the unitary operator e^{-iHt}. A variety of techniques exist that accomplish this task, with the most common…