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This work provides a rigorous and self-contained introduction to numerical methods for Hamiltonian simulation in quantum computing, with a focus on high-order product formulas for efficiently approximating the time evolution of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Javier Lopez-Cerezo

Universal quantum simulation may provide insights into those many-body systems that cannot be described classically, and that cannot be efficiently simulated with current technology. The Trotter formula, which decomposes a desired unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-09 George C. Knee , William J. Munro

Multi-product formulas (MPF) are linear combinations of Trotter circuits offering high-quality simulation of Hamiltonian time evolution with fewer Trotter steps. Here we report two contributions aimed at making multi-product formulas more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-12 Sergiy Zhuk , Niall Robertson , Sergey Bravyi

In analog and digital simulations of practically relevant quantum systems, the target dynamics can only be implemented approximately. The Trotter product formula is the most common approximation scheme as it is a generic method which allows…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-21 Alexander Hahn , Paul Hartung , Daniel Burgarth , Paolo Facchi , Kazuya Yuasa

We consider simulating quantum systems on digital quantum computers. We show that the performance of quantum simulation can be improved by simultaneously exploiting commutativity of the target Hamiltonian, sparsity of interactions, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-06 Yuan Su , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Earl T. Campbell

The product formula, commonly known as Trotter decomposition, is a central tool for digital quantum simulation, whose performance depends critically on how the Hamiltonian is partitioned into tractable blocks. Standard decompositions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Naoki Negishi , Bo Yang

Digital quantum simulation relies on Trotterization to discretize time evolution into elementary quantum gates. On current quantum processors with notable gate imperfections, there is a critical tradeoff between improved accuracy for finer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-09 Hongzheng Zhao , Marin Bukov , Markus Heyl , Roderich Moessner

The Lie-Trotter formula, together with its higher-order generalizations, provides a direct approach to decomposing the exponential of a sum of operators. Despite significant effort, the error scaling of such product formulas remains poorly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-05 Andrew M. Childs , Yuan Su , Minh C. Tran , Nathan Wiebe , Shuchen Zhu

Recent work has deployed linear combinations of unitaries techniques to reduce the cost of fault-tolerant quantum simulations of correlated electron models. Here, we show that one can sometimes improve upon those results with optimized…

We consider the dynamics $t\mapsto\tau_t$ of an infinite quantum lattice system that is generated by a local interaction. If the interaction decomposes into a finite number of terms that are themselves local interactions, we show that…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2022-11-30 Sven Bachmann , Markus Lange

Product formulas can be used to simulate Hamiltonian dynamics on a quantum computer by approximating the exponential of a sum of operators by a product of exponentials of the individual summands. This approach is both straightforward and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Andrew M. Childs , Aaron Ostrander , Yuan Su

Simulation of quantum chemistry is expected to be a principal application of quantum computing. In quantum simulation, a complicated Hamiltonian describing the dynamics of a quantum system is decomposed into its constituent terms, where the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-04 Yingkai Ouyang , David R. White , Earl T. Campbell

Quantum simulation, the simulation of quantum processes on quantum computers, suggests a path forward for the efficient simulation of problems in condensed-matter physics, quantum chemistry, and materials science. While the majority of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-03 Paul K. Faehrmann , Mark Steudtner , Richard Kueng , Maria Kieferova , Jens Eisert

We provide practical simulation methods for scalar field theories on a quantum computer that yield improved asymptotics as well as concrete gate estimates for the simulation and physical qubit estimates using the surface code. We achieve…

Solving the electronic structure problem via unitary evolution of the electronic Hamiltonian is one of the promising applications of digital quantum computers. One of the practical strategies to implement the unitary evolution is via…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-23 Luis A. Martínez-Martínez , Tzu-Ching Yen , Artur F. Izmaylov

We propose a variational alternative to the Trotter-Suzuki decomposition that provides greater control over errors while preserving the unitary structure of time evolution. The variational parameters in our ansatz are derived from a global…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Ibsal Assi , Michael Vogl , Meenu Kumari , J. P. F. LeBlanc

Hamiltonian simulation is one of the most promising applications of quantum computers, and the product formula is one of the most important methods for this purpose. Previous related work has mainly focused on the worst$-$case or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Langyu Li

We introduce an algorithm to improve the error scaling of product formulas by randomly sampling the generator of their exact error unitary. Our approach takes an arbitrary product formula of time $t$, $S_k(t)$ with error $O(t^{k+1})$ and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-26 Lana Mineh , Adrian Chapman , Raul A. Santos

Digital quantum simulations offer exciting perspectives for the study of fermionic systems such as molecules or lattice models. However, with quantum error correction still being out of reach with present-day technology, a non-vanishing…

We investigate the sampling efficiency for the simulations of quantum many-body systems at finite temperatures when initial sampling states are generated by applying Trotter gates to random phase product states (RPPSs). We restrict the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-31 Shimpei Goto , Ryui Kaneko , Ippei Danshita