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Robust and accurate proprioceptive state estimation of the main body is crucial for legged robots to execute tasks in extreme environments where exteroceptive sensors, such as LiDARs and cameras, may become unreliable. In this paper, we…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Yibin Wu , Jian Kuang , Shahram Khorshidi , Xiaoji Niu , Lasse Klingbeil , Maren Bennewitz , Heiner Kuhlmann

Legged robot navigation in unstructured and slippery terrains depends heavily on the ability to accurately identify the quality of contact between the robot's feet and the ground. Contact state estimation is regarded as a challenging…

Legged robots carry an IMU, but the inertial solution drifts because consumer-grade IMUs are noisy. However, the feet create intermittent contacts with the environment that can be used to mitigate that drift. This report develops a sequence…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Frank Dellaert , Chiyun Noh , Varun Agrawal , Ayoung Kim

This paper presents a state-estimation solution for legged robots that uses a set of low-cost, compact, and lightweight sensors to achieve low-drift pose and velocity estimation under challenging locomotion conditions. The key idea is to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Shuo Yang , Zixin Zhang , John Z. Zhang , Ibrahima Sory Sow , Zachary Manchester

Legged robot locomotion is a challenging task due to a myriad of sub-problems, such as the hybrid dynamics of foot contact and the effects of the desired gait on the terrain. Accurate and efficient state estimation of the floating base and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Varun Agrawal , Sylvain Bertrand , Robert Griffin , Frank Dellaert

Inertial odometry is an attractive solution to the problem of state estimation for agile quadrotor flight. It is inexpensive, lightweight, and it is not affected by perceptual degradation. However, only relying on the integration of the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Giovanni Cioffi , Leonard Bauersfeld , Elia Kaufmann , Davide Scaramuzza

Proprioceptive-only state estimation is attractive for legged robots since it is computationally cheaper and is unaffected by perceptually degraded conditions. The history of joint-level measurements contains rich information that can be…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Abhijeet M. Kulkarni , Ioannis Poulakakis , Guoquan Huang

This work develops a learning-based contact estimator for legged robots that bypasses the need for physical sensors and takes multi-modal proprioceptive sensory data as input. Unlike vision-based state estimators, proprioceptive state…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Tzu-Yuan Lin , Ray Zhang , Justin Yu , Maani Ghaffari

State-of-the-art robotic perception systems have achieved sufficiently good performance using Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), cameras, and nonlinear optimization techniques, that they are now being deployed as technologies. However, many…

Reliable odometry for legged robots without cameras or LiDAR remains challenging due to IMU drift and noisy joint velocity sensing. This paper presents a purely proprioceptive state estimator that uses only IMU and motor measurements to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Minxing Sun , Yao Mao

State estimation for legged robots remains challenging because legged odometry generally suffers from limited observability and therefore depends critically on measurement constraints to suppress drift. When exteroceptive sensors are…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Wanlei Li , Zichang Chen , Shilei Li , Xiaogang Xiong , Yunjiang Lou

Legged robots, specifically quadrupeds, are becoming increasingly attractive for industrial applications such as inspection. However, to leave the laboratory and to become useful to an end user requires reliability in harsh conditions. From…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-08-13 David Wisth , Marco Camurri , Maurice Fallon

Our goal is to send legged robots into challenging, unstructured terrains that wheeled systems cannot traverse. Moreover, precise estimation of the robot's position and orientation in rough terrain is especially difficult. To address this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-14 Shuo Yang , Hans Kumar , Zhaoyuan Gu , Xiangyuan Zhang , Matthew Travers , Howie Choset

Accurate state estimation is crucial for legged robot locomotion, as it provides the necessary information to allow control and navigation. However, it is also challenging, especially in scenarios with uneven and slippery terrain. This…

This paper introduces a novel proprioceptive state estimator for legged robots that combines model-based filters and deep neural networks. Recent studies have shown that neural networks such as multi-layer perceptron or recurrent neural…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Donghoon Youm , Hyunsik Oh , Suyoung Choi , Hyeongjun Kim , Jemin Hwangbo

We present an open-source Visual-Inertial-Leg Odometry (VILO) state estimation solution, Cerberus, for legged robots that estimates position precisely on various terrains in real time using a set of standard sensors, including stereo…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Shuo Yang , Zixin Zhang , Zhengyu Fu , Zachary Manchester

In this letter, we present tightly coupled LiDAR-IMU-leg odometry, which is robust to challenging conditions such as featureless environments and deformable terrains. We developed an online learning-based leg kinematics model named the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Taku Okawara , Kenji Koide , Aoki Takanose , Shuji Oishi , Masashi Yokozuka , Kentaro Uno , Kazuya Yoshida

Algorithms for state estimation of humanoid robots usually assume that the feet remain flat and in a constant position while in contact with the ground. However, this hypothesis is easily violated while walking, especially for human-like…

In this paper, we propose the "Kinetics Observer", a novel estimator addressing the challenge of state estimation for legged robots using proprioceptive sensors (encoders, IMU and force/torque sensors). Based on a Multiplicative Extended…

In order to make robots more useful in a variety of environments, they need to be highly portable so that they can be transported to wherever they are needed, and highly storable so that they can be stored when not in use. We propose…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Hiroya Sato , Tasuku Makabe , Iori Yanokura , Naoya Yamaguchi , Kei Okada , Masayuki Inaba
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