Related papers: On a group-theoretical generalization of the Euler…

Let $g$ be an element of a group $G$. For a positive integer $n$, let $E_n(g)$ be the subgroup generated by all commutators $[...[[x,g],g],\dots ,g]$ over $x\in G$, where $g$ is repeated $n$ times. We prove that if $G$ is a profinite group…

The generalized order $e_G(g)$ of an element $g$ of a group $G$ is the smallest positive integer $k$ such that there exist $x_1,\ldots,x_k \in G$ such that $g^{x_1} \ldots g^{x_k}=1$, where $g^x=x^{-1}gx$. Let $e(G) = \max \{e_G(g)\ |\ g…

Let $G$ be a finite group and $k$ be a field. Let $G$ act on the rational function field $k(x_g:g\in G)$ by $k$-automorphisms defined by $g\cdot x_h=x_{gh}$ for any $g,h\in G$. Noether's problem asks whether the fixed field $k(G)=k(x_g:g\in…

Let $K/\mathbb{Q}$ be a finitely generated field of characteristic zero and $X/K$ a smooth projective variety. Fix $q\in\mathbb{N}$. For every prime number $\ell$ let $\rho_\ell$ be the representation of $\mathrm{Gal}(K)$ on the \'etale…

We study the set D of positive integers d for which the equation $\phi(a)-\phi(b)=d$ has infinitely many solution pairs (a,b), where $\phi$ is Euler's totient function. We show that the minumum of D is at most 154, exhibit a specific A so…

Given a global field K and a rational function phi defined over K, one may take pre-images of 0 under successive iterates of phi, and thus obtain an infinite rooted tree T by assigning edges according to the action of phi. The absolute…

Let $K=\mathbb{F}_q(C)$ be the global function field of rational functions over a smooth and projective curve $C$ defined over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$. The ring of regular functions on $C-S$ where $S \neq \emptyset$ is any finite set…

Let $K$ be a subgroup of a finite group $G$. The probability that an element of $G$ commutes with an element of $K$ is denoted by $Pr(K,G)$. Assume that $Pr(K,G)\geq\epsilon$ for some fixed $\epsilon>0$. We show that there is a normal…

Let G be a group and H be a subgroup of G which is either finite or of finite index in G. In this note, we give some characterizations for normality of H in G. As a consequence we get a very short and elementary proof of the Main Theorem of…

In this paper we develop the theory of homogeneous functions between finite abelian groups. Here, a function $f:G\longrightarrow H$ between finite abelian groups is homogeneous of degree $d$ if $f(nx)=n^df(x)$ for all $x\in G$ and all $n$…

Sabatini (2024) defined a subgroup $H$ of $G$ to be an exponential subgroup if $x^{|G:H|} \in H$ for all $x \in G$. Exponential subgroups are a generalization of normal (and subnormal) subgroups: all subnormal subgroups are exponential, but…

For a finite group $G$, let $\psi(G)$ be the sum of the orders of its elements, and define the corresponding normalized sum as $\psi'(G) := \psi(G)/\psi(\mathcal{C}_{|G|})$, where $\mathcal{C}_{|G|}$ is the cyclic group of the same order as…

Let $G$ be a finite group and $k$ be a field. Let $G$ act on the rational function field $k(x_g:g\in G)$ by $k$-automorphisms defined by $g\cdot x_h=x_{gh}$ for any $g,h\in G$. Noether's problem asks whether the fixed field $k(G)=k(x_g:g\in…

Euler's totient function, $\varphi(n)$, which counts how many of $0,1,\dots,n-1$ are coprime to $n$, has an explicit asymptotic lower bound of $n/\log \log n$, modulo some constant. In this note, we generalise $\varphi$; given an…

A subgroup $H$ of a finite group $G$ is said to satisfy $\Pi$-property in $G$ if for every chief factor $L/K$ of $G$, $|G/K:N_{G/K}(HK/K\cap L/K)|$ is a $\pi(HK/K\cap L/K)$-number. A subgroup $H$ of $G$ is called to be $\Pi$-supplemented in…

The Torelli group $\mathcal T(X)$ of a closed smooth manifold $X$ is the subgroup of the mapping class group $\pi_0(\mathrm{Diff}^+(X))$ consisting of elements which act trivially on the integral cohomology of $X$. In this note we give…

We say that the order of an algebraic number $A$ is the minimum of positive integers $k$ such that $A^k$ is rational. In this paper, we show that the number of algebraic numbers $A$ with order $k$ such that \[ A,\ A^A,\ A^{A^A},\ \ldots \]…

An $integral$ of a group $G$ is a group $H$ whose commutator subgroup is isomorphic to $G$. This paper continues the investigation on integrals of groups started in the work arXiv:1803.10179. We study: (1) A sufficient condition for a bound…

Let $H$ be a subgroup of a group $G$. $H$ is said satisfying $\Pi$-property in $G$, if $|G/K:N_{G/K}(HK/K\cap L/K)|$ is a $\pi(HK/K\cap L/K))$-number for any chief factor $L/K$ of $G$, and, if there is a subnormal supplement $T$ of $H$ in…

Let $\phi(n)$ be the Euler totient function and $\sigma(n)$ denote the sum of divisors of $n$. In this note, we obtain explicit upper bounds on the number of positive integers $n\leq x$ such that $\phi(\sigma(n)) > cn$ for any $c>0$. This…