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Solving the quantum many-body ground state problem remains a central challenge in computational physics. In this context, the Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) framework based on Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) has witnessed rapid…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-01-29 Tao Chen , Jing Liu , Yantao Wu , Pan Zhang , Youjin Deng

Projected entangled pair states (PEPS) are very useful in the description of strongly correlated systems, partly because they allow encoding symmetries, either global or local (gauge), naturally. In recent years, PEPS with local symmetries…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2025-08-25 David Blanik , José Garre-Rubio , András Molnár , Erez Zohar

We revisit the corner transfer matrix renormalization group (CTMRG) method of Nishino and Okunishi for contracting two-dimensional (2D) tensor networks and demonstrate that its performance can be substantially improved by determining the…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2019-01-02 M. T. Fishman , L. Vanderstraeten , V. Zauner-Stauber , J. Haegeman , F. Verstraete

Classical simulation of a programmable quantum processor is crucial in identifying the threshold of a quantum advantage. We demonstrate the simple update of projected entangled-pair states (PEPSs) in the Vidal gauge that represent random…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-19 Sung-Bin B. Lee , Hee Ryang Choi , Daniel Donghyon Ohm , Seung-Sup B. Lee

Infinite projected entangled-pair states (iPEPS) provide a powerful tool for studying strongly correlated systems directly in the thermodynamic limit. A core component of the algorithm is the approximate contraction of the iPEPS, where the…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2026-05-12 Yining Zhang , Qi Yang , Philippe Corboz

We propose a pair of approximations that allows the leading order computational cost of contracting an infinite projected entangled-pair state (iPEPS) to be reduced from $\mathcal{O}(\chi^3D^6)$ to $\mathcal{O}(\chi^3D^3)$ when using a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-16 Wangwei Lan , Glen Evenbly

The projected entangled pair states (PEPS) methods have been proved to be powerful tools to solve the strongly correlated quantum many-body problems in two-dimension. However, due to the high computational scaling with the virtual bond…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-31 Wen-Yuan Liu , Shao-Jun Dong , Yong-Jian Han , Guang-Can Guo , Lixin He

Projected entangled pair states (PEPS) constitute a variational family of quantum states with area-law entanglement. PEPS are particularly relevant and successful for studying ground states of spatially local Hamiltonians. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-13 Dylan Harley , Freek Witteveen , Daniel Malz

An accurate calculation of the properties of quantum many-body systems is one of the most important yet intricate challenges of modern physics and computer science. In recent years, the tensor network ansatz has established itself as one of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-08 Jonas Haferkamp , Dominik Hangleiter , Jens Eisert , Marek Gluza

We adapt and optimize the projected-pair-entangled-state (PEPS) algorithm on finite lattices (fPEPS) for two-dimensional Hubbard models and apply the algorithm to the Hubbard model with nearest-neighbor hopping on a square lattice. In…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2023-04-19 Markus Scheb , Reinhard M. Noack

We have applied a variational algorithm based on Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) to a two dimensional frustrated spin system, the spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model on the Shastry-Sutherland lattice. We use the class of PEPS…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2007-05-23 A. Isacsson , O. F. Syljuasen

We develop tangent space methods for projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) that provide direct access to the low-energy sector of strongly-correlated two-dimensional quantum systems. More specifically, we construct a variational ansatz for…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2015-12-02 Laurens Vanderstraeten , Michaël Mariën , Frank Verstraete , Jutho Haegeman

Matrix Product States (MPS) and Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) are powerful analytical and numerical tools to assess quantum many-body systems in one and higher dimensions, respectively. While MPS are comprehensively understood, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-23 G. Scarpa , A. Molnar , Y. Ge , J. J. Garcia-Ripoll , N. Schuch , D. Perez-Garcia , S. Iblisdir

We determine the computational power of preparing Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS), as well as the complexity of classically simulating them, and generally the complexity of contracting tensor networks. While creating PEPS allows to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Norbert Schuch , Michael M. Wolf , Frank Verstraete , J. Ignacio Cirac

An infinite projected entangled-pair state (iPEPS) is a variational tensor network ansatz for 2D wave functions in the thermodynamic limit where the accuracy can be systematically controlled by the bond dimension $D$. We show that for the…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2016-05-11 Philippe Corboz

We study Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) with continuous virtual symmetries, i.e., symmetries in the virtual degrees of freedom, through an elementary class of models with SU(2) symmetry. Discrete symmetries of that kind have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-18 Henrik Dreyer , J. Ignacio Cirac , Norbert Schuch

The recently developed stochastic gradient method combined with Monte Carlo sampling techniques [PRB {\bf 95}, 195154 (2017)] offers a low scaling and accurate method to optimize the projected entangled pair states (PEPS). We extended this…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2019-06-05 Shao-Jun Dong , Chao Wang , Yongjian Han , Guang-can Guo , Lixin He

Two dimensional tensor networks such as projected entangled pairs states (PEPS) are generally hard to contract. This is arguably the main reason why variational tensor network methods in 2D are still not as successful as in 1D. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-07 Anurag Anshu , Itai Arad , Aditya Jain

The Hamiltonian for a system of itinerant particles on a two-dimensional lattice in a uniform magnetic field reduces the translational symmetry to a magnetic translation group, because of the need to choose a particular gauge for the vector…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Wei Tang , Gunnar Möller , Frank Verstraete , Laurens Vanderstraeten

This article reviews recent developments in the theoretical understanding and the numerical implementation of variational renormalization group methods using matrix product states and projected entangled pair states.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-07-17 F. Verstraete , J. I. Cirac , V. Murg