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A fundamental problem in distributed computing is the distribution of requests to a set of uniform servers without a centralized controller. Classically, such problems are modeled as static balls into bins processes, where $m$ balls (tasks)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-03-08 Petra Berenbrink , Tom Friedetzky , Peter Kling , Frederik Mallmann-Trenn , Lars Nagel , Chris Wastell

We study d-way balanced allocation, which assigns each incoming job to the lightest loaded among d randomly chosen servers. While prior work has extensively studied the performance of the basic scheme, there has been less published work on…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Amer Diwan , Prabhakar Raghavan , Eli Upfal

We provide a relatively simple proof that the expected gap between the maximum load and the average load in the two choice process is bounded by $(1+o(1))\log \log n$, irrespective of the number of balls thrown. The theorem was first proven…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2013-10-22 Kunal Talwar , Udi Wieder

We consider an infinite balls-into-bins process with deletions where in each discrete step $t$ a coin is tossed as to whether, with probability $\beta(t) \in (0,1)$, a new ball is allocated using the Greedy[2] strategy (which places the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Petra Berenbrink , Tom Friedetzky , Peter Kling , Lars Nagel

The graphical balls-into-bins process is a generalization of the classical 2-choice balls-into-bins process, where the bins correspond to vertices of an arbitrary underlying graph $G$. At each time step an edge of $G$ is chosen uniformly at…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Nikhil Bansal , Ohad Feldheim

We study the repeated balls-into-bins process introduced by Becchetti, Clementi, Natale, Pasquale and Posta (2019). This process starts with $m$ balls arbitrarily distributed across $n$ bins. At each round $t=1,2,\ldots$, one ball is…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Dimitrios Los , Thomas Sauerwald

We consider the following balls-into-bins process with $n$ bins and $m$ balls: each ball is equipped with a mutually independent exponential clock of rate 1. Whenever a ball's clock rings, the ball samples a random bin and moves there if…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-07-03 Petra Berenbrink , Peter Kling , Christopher Liaw , Abbas Mehrabian

In this work, we examine a generic class of simple distributed balls-into-bins algorithms. Exploiting the strong concentration bounds that apply to balls-into-bins games, we provide an iterative method to compute accurate estimates of the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-08-01 Pierre Bertrand , Christoph Lenzen

Consider the following process whereby $n$ balls are distributed into $k$ bins. Repeatedly, a ball is removed from a non-empty bin chosen uniformly at random. The process ends when a single non-empty bin remains. Will Ma…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-02-16 Jose Correa , Marcos Kiwi , Vasilis Livanos , Eilon Solan , Ron Solan

We estimate the size of a most loaded bin in the setting when the balls are placed into the bins using a random linear function in a finite field. The balls are chosen from a transformed interval. We show that in this setting the expected…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-01-05 Martin Babka

Suppose we sequentially put $n$ balls into $n$ bins. If we put each ball into a random bin then the heaviest bin will contain ${\sim}\log n/\log\log n$ balls with high probability. However, Azar, Broder, Karlin and Upfal [SIAM J. Comput. 29…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-09-13 Itai Benjamini , Yury Makarychev

We consider load balancing in a network of caching servers delivering contents to end users. Randomized load balancing via the so-called power of two choices is a well-known approach in parallel and distributed systems that reduces network…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-10-25 Ali Pourmiri , Mahdi Jafari Siavoshani , Seyed Pooya Shariatpanahi

Balls-and-bins games have been a wildly successful tool for modeling load balancing problems. In this paper, we study a new scenario, which we call the ball recycling game, defined as follows: Throw m balls into n bins i.i.d. according to a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Michael A. Bender , Jake Christensen , Alex Conway , Martín Farach-Colton , Rob Johnson , Meng-Tsung Tsai

Load balancing is a well-studied problem, with balls-in-bins being the primary framework. The greedy algorithm $\mathsf{Greedy}[d]$ of Azar et al. places each ball by probing $d > 1$ random bins and placing the ball in the least loaded of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-01-24 John Augustine , William K. Moses , Amanda Redlich , Eli Upfal

The study of hashing is closely related to the analysis of balls and bins. It is well-known that instead of using a single hash function if we randomly hash a ball into two bins and place it in the smaller of the two, then this dramatically…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Rina Panigrahy

We study the following synchronous process that we call "repeated balls-into-bins". The process is started by assigning $n$ balls to $n$ bins in an arbitrary way. In every subsequent round, from each non-empty bin one ball is chosen…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-05-25 Luca Becchetti , Andrea Clementi , Emanuele Natale , Francesco Pasquale , Gustavo Posta

In dynamic load balancing, we wish to distribute balls into bins in an environment where both balls and bins can be added and removed. We want to minimize the maximum load of any bin but we also want to minimize the number of balls and bins…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Anders Aamand , Jakob Bæk Tejs Knudsen , Mikkel Thorup

We consider load balancing in a network of caching servers delivering contents to end users. Randomized load balancing via the so-called power of two choices is a well-known approach in parallel and distributed systems. In this framework,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-07-03 Mahdi Jafari Siavoshani , Ali Pourmiri , Seyed Pooya Shariatpanahi

Food waste and food insecurity are two closely related pressing global issues. Food rescue organizations worldwide run programs aimed at addressing the two problems. In this paper, we partner with a non-profit organization in the state of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Marios Mertzanidis , Alexandros Psomas , Paritosh Verma

Suppose that a set of $m$ tasks are to be shared as equally as possible amongst a set of $n$ resources. A game-theoretic mechanism to find a suitable allocation is to associate each task with a ``selfish agent'', and require each agent to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Petra Berenbrink , Tom Friedetzky , Leslie Ann Goldberg , Paul Goldberg , Zengjian Hu , Russell Martin