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Considering the limited internal parametric knowledge, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has been widely used to extend the knowledge scope of large language models (LLMs). Despite the extensive efforts on RAG research, in existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Yuhao Wang , Ruiyang Ren , Junyi Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Jing Liu , Ji-Rong Wen

Open-domain Question Answering (OpenQA) is an important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP), which aims to answer a question in the form of natural language based on large-scale unstructured documents. Recently, there has been a surge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Fengbin Zhu , Wenqiang Lei , Chao Wang , Jianming Zheng , Soujanya Poria , Tat-Seng Chua

Comprehensively retrieving diverse documents is crucial to address queries that admit a wide range of valid answers. We introduce retrieve-verify-retrieve (RVR), a multi-round retrieval framework designed to maximize answer coverage.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Deniz Qian , Hung-Ting Chen , Eunsol Choi

Medical open-domain question answering demands substantial access to specialized knowledge. Recent efforts have sought to decouple knowledge from model parameters, counteracting architectural scaling and allowing for training on common…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Giacomo Frisoni , Alessio Cocchieri , Alex Presepi , Gianluca Moro , Zaiqiao Meng

This paper proposes a novel neural machine reading model for open-domain question answering at scale. Existing machine comprehension models typically assume that a short piece of relevant text containing answers is already identified and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-06 Bin Bi , Hao Ma

Yes, repurposing multiple-choice question-answering (MCQA) models for document reranking is both feasible and valuable. This preliminary work is founded on mathematical parallels between MCQA decision-making and cross-encoder semantic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Jasper Kyle Catapang

Retrieval based open-domain QA systems use retrieved documents and answer-span selection over retrieved documents to find best-answer candidates. We hypothesize that multilingual Question Answering (QA) systems are prone to information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Shramay Palta , Haozhe An , Yifan Yang , Shuaiyi Huang , Maharshi Gor

Knowledge-intensive tasks, such as open-domain question answering (QA), require access to a large amount of world or domain knowledge. A common approach for knowledge-intensive tasks is to employ a retrieve-then-read pipeline that first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Wenhao Yu , Dan Iter , Shuohang Wang , Yichong Xu , Mingxuan Ju , Soumya Sanyal , Chenguang Zhu , Michael Zeng , Meng Jiang

Retrieve-and-rerank is a prevalent framework in neural information retrieval, wherein a bi-encoder network initially retrieves a pre-defined number of candidates (e.g., K=100), which are then reranked by a more powerful cross-encoder model.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Revanth Gangi Reddy , Pradeep Dasigi , Md Arafat Sultan , Arman Cohan , Avirup Sil , Heng Ji , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

In open-domain question answering, dense passage retrieval has become a new paradigm to retrieve relevant passages for finding answers. Typically, the dual-encoder architecture is adopted to learn dense representations of questions and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Yingqi Qu , Yuchen Ding , Jing Liu , Kai Liu , Ruiyang Ren , Wayne Xin Zhao , Daxiang Dong , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

Evaluating open-domain dialogue systems is challenging for reasons such as the one-to-many problem, i.e., many appropriate responses other than just the golden response. As of now, automatic evaluation methods need better consistency with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Zhengliang Shi , Weiwei Sun , Shuo Zhang , Zhen Zhang , Pengjie Ren , Zhaochun Ren

Ideally Open-Domain Question Answering models should exhibit a number of competencies, ranging from simply memorizing questions seen at training time, to answering novel question formulations with answers seen during training, to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-07 Patrick Lewis , Pontus Stenetorp , Sebastian Riedel

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly rely on reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance their reasoning capabilities through feedback. A critical challenge is verifying the consistency of model-generated responses and reference answers,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xuzhao Li , Xuchen Li , Shiyu Hu , Yongzhen Guo , Wentao Zhang

Structured information is an important knowledge source for automatic verification of factual claims. Nevertheless, the majority of existing research into this task has focused on textual data, and the few recent inquiries into structured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Michael Schlichtkrull , Vladimir Karpukhin , Barlas Oğuz , Mike Lewis , Wen-tau Yih , Sebastian Riedel

In open-domain question answering, a model receives a text question as input and searches for the correct answer using a large evidence corpus. The retrieval step is especially difficult as typical evidence corpora have \textit{millions} of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Christopher Sciavolino

In recent years, there have been amazing advances in deep learning methods for machine reading. In machine reading, the machine reader has to extract the answer from the given ground truth paragraph. Recently, the state-of-the-art machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-13 Phu Mon Htut , Samuel R. Bowman , Kyunghyun Cho

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards(RLVR) has demonstrated great potential in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, its success has thus far been largely confined to the mathematical and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Mengyu Zhang , Siyu Ding , Weichong Yin , Yu Sun , Hua Wu

We propose a novel open-domain question answering (ODQA) framework for answering single/multi-hop questions across heterogeneous knowledge sources. The key novelty of our method is the introduction of the intermediary modules into the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Kaixin Ma , Hao Cheng , Xiaodong Liu , Eric Nyberg , Jianfeng Gao

In the era of large language models, applying techniques such as Retrieval Augmented Generation can better address Open-Domain Question-Answering problems. Due to constraints including model sizes and computing resources, the length of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Zhuo Chen , Xinyu Wang , Yong Jiang , Pengjun Xie , Fei Huang , Kewei Tu

We consider the problem of pretraining a two-stage open-domain question answering (QA) system (retriever + reader) with strong transfer capabilities. The key challenge is how to construct a large amount of high-quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Xiang Yue , Xiaoman Pan , Wenlin Yao , Dian Yu , Dong Yu , Jianshu Chen