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The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a European Space Agency mission that aims to measure gravitational waves in the millihertz range. The three-spacecraft constellation forms a nearly-equilateral triangle, which experiences…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-07-07 Olaf Hartwig , Jean-Baptiste Bayle

Time-delay interferometry (TDI) is a data processing technique for space-based gravitational-wave detectors to create laser-noise-free equal-optical-path-length interferometers virtually on the ground. It relies on the interspacecraft…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-14 Jan Niklas Reinhardt , Philipp Euringer , Olaf Hartwig , Gerald Hechenblaikner , Gerhard Heinzel , Kohei Yamamoto

Previous work demonstrated effective laser frequency noise (LFN) suppression for Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) data from raw phasemeter measurements using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm with fractional delay…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-05-29 Jessica Page , Tyson Littenberg

Time delay interferometry (TDI) is essential for suppressing laser frequency noise and achieving the targeted sensitivity for space-borne gravitational wave (GW) missions. In Paper I, we examined the performance of the fiducial…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-01 Gang Wang

Three spacecraft of LISA/TAIJI mission follow their respective geodesic trajectories, and their interferometric arms are unequal and time-varying due to orbital dynamics. Time-delay interferometry (TDI) is proposed to suppress the laser…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-05-26 Gang Wang , Wei-Tou Ni

The proposed space-borne laser interferometric gravitational wave (GW) observatory TianQin adopts a geocentric orbit for its nearly equilateral triangular constellation formed by three identical drag-free satellites. The geocentric distance…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-02 Ming-Yue Zhou , Xin-Chun Hu , Bobing Ye , Shoucun Hu , Dong-Dong Zhu , Xuefeng Zhang , Wei Su , Yan Wang

Space-based gravitational wave detectors cannot keep rigid structures and precise arm length equality, so the precise equality of detector arms which is required in a ground-based interferometer to cancel the overwhelming laser noise is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-09-25 Chunyu Zhang , Qing Gao , Yungui Gong , Dicong Liang , Alan J. Weinstein , Chao Zhang

LISA will detect gravitational waves (GWs) in the milli-Hz frequency band in space. Time-delay interferometry (TDI) is developed to suppress laser frequency noise beneath the acceleration noise and optical metrology noise. To identify…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-08-30 Gang Wang , Bin Li , Peng Xu , Xilong Fan

Time-delay interferometry (TDI) is essential for suppressing laser frequency noise in space-based gravitational wave (GW) observatories such as LISA. However, current second-generation TDI schemes often exhibit undesirable null frequencies…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-19 Gang Wang

We report on three numerical experiments on the implementation of Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) for LISA, performed with Synthetic LISA, a C++/Python package that we developed to simulate the LISA science process at the level of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Michele Vallisneri

The method of time delay interferometry (TDI) is proposed to cancel the laser noise in space-borne gravitational-wave detectors. Among all different TDI combinations, the most commonly used ones are the orthogonal channels A, E and T, where…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-08-09 Zheng-Cheng Liang , Zhi-Yuan Li , Jun Cheng , En-Kun Li , Jian-dong Zhang , Yi-Ming Hu

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a gravitational wave detector in space. It relies on a post-processing technique named time-delay interferometry (TDI) to suppress the overwhelming laser frequency noise by several orders of…

Many years of development have gone into producing instruments that meet the required noise performance of the LISA interferometric detection system. Concurrently, software simulations have been used to extensively develop the data analysis…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-06-23 Reid Ferguson , Olaf Hartwig , Guido Mueller

In order to attain the requisite sensitivity for LISA, laser frequency noise must be suppressed below the secondary noises such as the optical path noise, acceleration noise etc. In a previous paper (Dhurandhar et al., Class. Quantum Grav.,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-10-25 S. V. Dhurandhar , W. -T. Ni , G. Wang

Probing extra polarizations in gravitational waves (GWs) with space-based detectors is the most direct method for testing theories of gravity. In this paper, by employing the second-generation time-delay interferometry (TDI) to cancel out…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-22 Tong Jiang , Chunyu Zhang

A crucial challenge to the ongoing endeavor of spaceborne gravitational wave (GW) detection resides in the laser phase noise, typically 7 to 8 orders of magnitude above the inevitable noise. The arm locking technique was proposed to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-07 Pan-Pan Wang , Wei-Liang Qian , Han-Zhong Wu , Yu-Jie Tan , Cheng-Gang Shao

The current design of space-based gravitational wave detectors utilizes heterodyne laser interferometry in inter-satellite science measurements. Frequency variations of the heterodyne beatnotes are predominantly caused by the Doppler effect…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-19 Lu Zheng , Shutao Yang , Xuefeng Zhang

In the detection of gravitational waves in space, the arm lengths between spacecraft are not equal due to their orbital motion. Consequently, the equal arm length Michelson interferometer used in Earth laboratories is not suitable for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-06-21 Gang Wang

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is essential for space-based gravitational wave (GW) missions, as it suppresses laser frequency noise and achieve the required sensitivity. Beyond the standard Michelson configuration, a variety of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-08-05 Gang Wang

The LISA mission is a space interferometer aiming at the detection of gravitational waves in the [$10^{-4}$,$10^{-1}$] Hz frequency band. In order to reach the gravitational wave detection level, a Time Delay Interferometry (TDI) method…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 S. Pireaux