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Most crowdsourcing learning methods treat disagreement between annotators as noisy labelings while inter-disagreement among experts is often a good indicator for the ambiguity and uncertainty that is inherent in natural language. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Xiaolei Lu

Crowdsourcing has emerged as a popular approach for collecting annotated data to train supervised machine learning models. However, annotator bias can lead to defective annotations. Though there are a few works investigating individual…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Haochen Liu , Joseph Thekinen , Sinem Mollaoglu , Da Tang , Ji Yang , Youlong Cheng , Hui Liu , Jiliang Tang

Crowd-sourcing is a cheap and popular means of creating training and evaluation datasets for machine learning, however it poses the problem of `truth inference', as individual workers cannot be wholly trusted to provide reliable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Yuan Li , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein , Trevor Cohn

In large organisations, identifying experts on a given topic is crucial in leveraging the internal knowledge spread across teams and departments. So-called enterprise expert retrieval systems automatically discover and structure employees'…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Jens-Joris Decorte , Jeroen Van Hautte , Chris Develder , Thomas Demeester

When annotators disagree, that disagreement can reflect epistemic uncertainty rather than simple label noise. We study hard-label delivery as an alternative to the usual choices of collapsing votes to a single label or training directly on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Mirerfan Gheibi , Gashin Ghazizadeh

The focus of this paper is to address the knowledge acquisition bottleneck for Named Entity Recognition (NER) of mutations, by analysing different approaches to build manually-annotated data. We address first the impact of using a single…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-20 David Martinez Iraola , Antonio Jimeno Yepes

Learning from multiple annotators aims to induce a high-quality classifier from training instances, where each of them is associated with a set of possibly noisy labels provided by multiple annotators under the influence of their varying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Jingzheng Li , Hailong Sun , Jiyi Li , Zhijun Chen , Renshuai Tao , Yufei Ge

A common approach to aggregate classification estimates in an ensemble of decision trees is to either use voting or to average the probabilities for each class. The latter takes uncertainty into account, but not the reliability of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Florian Busch , Moritz Kulessa , Eneldo Loza Mencía , Hendrik Blockeel

Facial analysis models are increasingly applied in real-world applications that have significant impact on peoples' lives. However, as literature has shown, models that automatically classify facial attributes might exhibit algorithmic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Camila Kolling , Victor Araujo , Adriano Veloso , Soraia Raupp Musse

Large-scale multi-label classification datasets are commonly, and perhaps inevitably, partially annotated. That is, only a small subset of labels are annotated per sample. Different methods for handling the missing labels induce different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Emanuel Ben-Baruch , Tal Ridnik , Itamar Friedman , Avi Ben-Cohen , Nadav Zamir , Asaf Noy , Lihi Zelnik-Manor

Human variation in labeling is often considered noise. Annotation projects for machine learning (ML) aim at minimizing human label variation, with the assumption to maximize data quality and in turn optimize and maximize machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Barbara Plank

Modern artificial intelligence is supported by machine learning models (e.g., foundation models) that are pretrained on a massive data corpus and then adapted to solve a variety of downstream tasks. To summarize performance across multiple…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-09 Rachel Longjohn , Giri Gopalan , Emily Casleton

Calibration is a popular framework to evaluate whether a classifier knows when it does not know - i.e., its predictive probabilities are a good indication of how likely a prediction is to be correct. Correctness is commonly estimated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Joris Baan , Wilker Aziz , Barbara Plank , Raquel Fernández

Accurate ground truth estimation in medical screening programs often relies on coalitions of experts and peer second opinions. Algorithms that efficiently aggregate noisy annotations can enhance screening workflows, particularly when data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Tim Bary , Tiffanie Godelaine , Axel Abels , Benoît Macq

Sentiment analysis is directly affected by compositional phenomena in language that act on the prior polarity of the words and phrases found in the text. Negation is the most prevalent of these phenomena and in order to correctly predict…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Jeremy Barnes , Erik Velldal , Lilja Øvrelid

Many existing approaches for learning from labeled data assume the existence of gold-standard labels. According to these approaches, inter-annotator disagreement is seen as noise to be removed, either through refinement of annotation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Jake Vasilakes , Chrysoula Zerva , Sophia Ananiadou

Emotion is a crucial phenomenon in the functioning of human beings in society. However, it remains a widely open subject, particularly in its textual manifestations. This paper examines an industrial corpus manually annotated following an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jonas Noblet

Real-world data for classification is often labeled by multiple annotators. For analyzing such data, we introduce CROWDLAB, a straightforward approach to utilize any trained classifier to estimate: (1) A consensus label for each example…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-30 Hui Wen Goh , Ulyana Tkachenko , Jonas Mueller

People naturally vary in their annotations for subjective questions and some of this variation is thought to be due to the person's sociodemographic characteristics. LLMs have also been used to label data, but recent work has shown that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Matthias Orlikowski , Jiaxin Pei , Paul Röttger , Philipp Cimiano , David Jurgens , Dirk Hovy

Reference texts such as encyclopedias and news articles can manifest biased language when objective reporting is substituted by subjective writing. Existing methods to detect bias mostly rely on annotated data to train machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Timo Spinde , David Krieger , Manuel Plank , Bela Gipp