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Related papers: Protoplanet Collisions: Statistical Properties of …

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Planet-planet collisions are a common outcome of instability in systems of transiting planets close to the star, as well as occurring during in-situ formation of such planets from embryos. Previous N-body studies of instability amongst…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-05-23 Alexander J Mustill , Melvyn B Davies , Anders Johansen

The classical scenario of terrestrial planet formation is characterized by a phase of giant impacts among Moon-to-Mars mass planetary embryos. While the classic model and its adaptations have produced adequate analogs of the outer three…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-08-17 P. Franco , A. Izidoro , O. C. Winter , K. S. Torres , A. Amarante

Aims. Particles ejected from the lunar surface via hypervelocity impacts form a torus between the Earth and the Moon. According to our previous study (Yang et al., A\&A, 659, A120), among them about $2.3\times10^{-4}\,\mathrm{kg/s}$…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-22 Kun Yang , Yu Jiang , Youpeng Liang , Xiaodong Liu

Protoplanets develop via collisions between planetesimals and planetary embryos in the final assembly stage of planet formation. The efficiency of the planet formation can be defined by the mass ratio between formed protoplanets and the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-01-13 Z. Dencs , Zs. Regaly

In the standard model of terrestrial planet formation, planets are formed through giant impacts of planetary embryos after the dispersal of the protoplanetary gas disc. Traditionally, $N$-body simulations have been used to investigate this…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-28 Tadahiro Kimura , Haruka Hoshino , Eiichiro Kokubo , Yuji Matsumoto , Masahiro Ikoma

The goal of this research is to study how the fragmentation of planetary embryos can affect the physical and dynamical properties of terrestrial planets around solar-type stars. Our work focuses on the formation and evolution of planets and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-11-27 Agustín Dugaro , Gonzalo C. de Elía , Luciano A. Darriba

There are two popular ways to speed up simulations of planet formation via increasing the collision probability: ({\it i}) confine motion to 2D, ({\it ii}) artificially enhance the physical radii of the bodies by an expansion factor. In…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-03-24 Áron Süli

We consider the observational signatures of giant impacts between planetary embryos. While the debris released in the impact remains in a clump for only a single orbit, there is a much longer lasting asymmetry caused by the fact that all…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-19 Alan P. Jackson , Mark C. Wyatt , Amy Bonsor , Dimitri Veras

Observations of the population of cold Jupiter planets ($r>$1 AU) show that nearly all of these planets orbit their host star on eccentric orbits. For planets up to a few Jupiter masses, eccentric orbits are thought to be the outcome of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-11-04 Bertram Bitsch , Trifon Trifonov , Andre Izidoro

Planet formation simulations are capable of directly integrating the evolution of hundreds to thousands of planetary embryos and planetesimals, as they accrete pairwise to become planets. In principle such investigations allow us to better…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-01 Saverio Cambioni , Erik Asphaug , Alexandre Emsenhuber , Travis S. J. Gabriel , Roberto Furfaro , Stephen R. Schwartz

The distribution of exoplanet masses is not primordial. After the initial stage of planet formation is complete, the gravitational interactions between planets can lead to the physical collision of two planets, or the ejection of one or…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-05-16 Daniel Carrera , Melvyn B. Davies , Anders Johansen

It is likely that multiple bodies with masses between those of Mars and Earth ("planetary embryos") formed in the outer planetesimal disk of the solar system. Some of these were likely scattered by the giant planets into orbits with…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-01-31 Kedron Silsbee , Scott Tremaine

The problem of the formation of the Moon is still not explained satisfactorily. While it is a generally accepted scenario that the last giant impact on Earth between some 50 to 100 million years after the starting of the formation of the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-07-01 Rudolf Dvorak , Birgit Loibnegger , Thomas I. Maindl

The dynamical and physical properties of asteroid family members are widely used to reconstruct the collisional evolution of the main belt and of individual objects. Families offer insights into the properties of the parent bodies and the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-01 Roberto Balossi , Paolo Tanga , Aldo Dell'Oro

We study the evolution of debris created in the giant impacts expected during the final stages of terrestrial planet formation. The starting point is the debris created in a simulation of the Moon-forming impact. The dynamical evolution is…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-05 Alan P. Jackson , Mark C. Wyatt

In the last decade, thanks to the development of sophisticated numerical codes, major breakthroughs have been achieved in our understanding of the formation of asteroid families by catastrophic disruption of large parent bodies. In this…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-31 Patrick Michel , Derek C. Richardson , Daniel D. Durda , Martin Jutzi , Erik Asphaug

Context. Rotational instability of rubble-pile asteroids can trigger mass shedding, forming transient debris clouds that may provide the initial conditions for secondary formation in binary systems. Aims. We investigate the dynamical and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-16 Yutian Wu , Xiaojing Zhang , Chenyang Huang , Yang Yu

The final stage in the formation of terrestrial planets consists of the accumulation of ~1000-km ``planetary embryos'' and a swarm of billions of 1-10 km ``planetesimals.'' During this process, water-rich material is accreted by the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Sean N. Raymond , Thomas Quinn , Jonathan I. Lunine

NASA's Kepler mission discovered $\sim700$ planets in multi-planet systems containing 3 or more transiting bodies, many of which are super-Earths and mini-Neptunes in compact configurations. Using $N$-body simulations, we examine the in…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-08 Sanson T. S. Poon , Richard P. Nelson , Seth A. Jacobson , Alessandro Morbidelli

Giant impacts, the collisions between planetary embryos, play a crucial role in sculpting the planets and their orbital architectures. Numerical simulations have advanced our understanding of these events, enabling estimations of mass and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-19 Tuhin Ghosh , Mark Wyatt , Oliver Shorttle