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The majority of financial organizations managing confidential data are aware of security threats and leverage widely accepted solutions (e.g., storage encryption, transport-level encryption, intrusion detection systems) to prevent or detect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Lorenzo Andolfo , Luigi Coppolino , Salvatore D'Antonio , Giovanni Mazzeo , Luigi Romano , Matthew Ficke , Arne Hollum , Darshan Vaydia

Homomorphic encryption (HE) has found extensive utilization in federated learning (FL) systems, capitalizing on its dual advantages: (i) ensuring the confidentiality of shared models contributed by participating entities, and (ii) enabling…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Dongfang Zhao

We present automatically parameterised Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) for encrypted neural network inference and exemplify our inference over FHE compatible neural networks with our own open-source framework and reproducible examples.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 George Onoufriou , Marc Hanheide , Georgios Leontidis

Large language model (LLM) based services are primarily structured as client-server interactions, with clients sending queries directly to cloud providers that host LLMs. This approach currently compromises data privacy as all queries must…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Karthik Garimella , Negar Neda , Austin Ebel , Nandan Kumar Jha , Brandon Reagen

Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is a cryptographic tool that allows performing computation under encryption, which is used by many privacy-preserving machine learning solutions, for example, to perform secure classification. Modern deep…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Nir Drucker , Itamar Zimerman

Machine Learning (ML) is making its way into fields such as healthcare, finance, and Natural Language Processing (NLP), and concerns over data privacy and model confidentiality continue to grow. Privacy-preserving Machine Learning (PPML)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Kalyan Cheerla , Lotfi Ben Othmane , Kirill Morozov

The migration of computation to the cloud has raised concerns regarding the security and privacy of sensitive data, as their need to be decrypted before processing, renders them susceptible to potential breaches. Fully Homomorphic…

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) allows computing on encrypted data, enabling secure offloading of computation to untrusted serves. Though it provides ideal security, FHE is expensive when executed in software, 4 to 5 orders of magnitude…

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables privacy-preserving Transformer inference, but long-sequence encrypted Transformers quickly exceed single-GPU memory capacity because encoded weights are already large and encrypted activations grow…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Zhaoting Gong , Ran Ran , Fan Yao , Wujie Wen

Homomorphic Encryption (HE) prevails in securing Federated Learning (FL), but suffers from high overhead and adaptation cost. Selective HE methods, which partially encrypt model parameters by a global mask, are expected to protect privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Borui Li , Li Yan , Junhao Han , Jianmin Liu , Lei Yu

Cryptographic schemes like Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) and Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), while offering powerful privacy-preserving capabilities, are often hindered by their computational complexity. Polynomial multiplication, a core…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Rabimba Karanjai , Sangwon Shin , and Wujie Xiong , Xinxin Fan , Lin Chen , Tianwei Zhang , Taeweon Suh , Weidong Shi , Veronika Kuchta , Francesco Sica , Lei Xu

Machine learning (ML) is widely used today, especially through deep neural networks (DNNs), however, increasing computational load and resource requirements have led to cloud-based solutions. To address this problem, a new generation of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Farzad Nikfam , Raffaele Casaburi , Alberto Marchisio , Maurizio Martina , Muhammad Shafique

Machine learning on encrypted data can address the concerns related to privacy and legality of sharing sensitive data with untrustworthy service providers. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a promising technique to enable machine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Nayna Jain , Karthik Nandakumar , Nalini Ratha , Sharath Pankanti , Uttam Kumar

The rise of quantum computing/technology potentially introduces significant security challenges to cloud computing, necessitating quantum-resistant encryption strategies as well as protection schemes and methods for cloud infrastructures…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Aurelia Kusumastuti , Nikolay Tcholtchev , Philipp Lämmel , Sebastian Bock , Manfred Hauswirth

Privacy-preserving deep neural network (DNN) inference is a necessity in different regulated industries such as healthcare, finance and retail. Recently, homomorphic encryption (HE) has been used as a method to enable analytics while…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Moran Baruch , Nir Drucker , Lev Greenberg , Guy Moshkowich

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables computations directly on encrypted data, but its high computational cost remains a significant barrier. Writing efficient FHE code is a complex task requiring cryptographic expertise, and finding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Bilel Sefsaf , Abderraouf Dandani , Abdessamed Seddiki , Arab Mohammed , Eduardo Chielle , Michail Maniatakos , Riyadh Baghdadi

With the rapid development of AI technology, we have witnessed numerous innovations and conveniences. However, along with these advancements come privacy threats and risks. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) emerges as a key technology for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Pengbo Li , Huifang Huang , Ting Gao , Jin Guo , Jinqiao Duan

Due to the rising privacy demand in data mining, Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is receiving more and more attention recently for its capability to do computations over the encrypted field. By using the HE technique, it is possible to securely…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-20 Junyi Li , Heng Huang

Modern data centers have grown beyond CPU nodes to provide domain-specific accelerators such as GPUs and FPGAs to their customers. From a security standpoint, cloud customers want to protect their data. They are willing to pay additional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Aritra Dhar , Supraja Sridhara , Shweta Shinde , Srdjan Capkun , Renzo Andri

The deployment of Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) at scale is hindered due to its heavy computational overhead. While specialized hardware accelerators like Google Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) can help, mapping complex cryptographic…

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