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Given two $d\times d$ matrices, say $A$ and $B$, when do $p(A)$ and $p(B)$ have the same ``size'' for every polynomial $p$? In this article, we provide definitive results in the cases $d=2$ and $d=3$ when the notion of size used is the…

In this paper, we shall investigate the almost sure limits of the largest and smallest eigenvalues of a quaternion sample covariance matrix. Suppose that $\mathbf X_n$ is a $p\times n$ matrix whose elements are independent quaternion…

Let $A_i$ and $B_i$ be positive definite matrices for every $i=1,\cdots,m.$ Let $Z=[Z_{ij}]$ be the block matrix, where $Z_{ij}=B_i^{^\frac{1}{_2}}\left(\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^mA_k\right)B_j^{^\frac{1}{_2}}$ for every $ i,j=~1,\cdots,m$.…

Let $D$ be the set of $n\times n$ positive semidefinite matrices of trace equal to one, also known as the set of density matrices. We prove two results on the hardness of approximating $D$ with polytopes. First, we show that if $0 <…

Given a diagonalizable $N\times N$ matrix $H$, whose non-degenerate spectrum consists of $p$ pairs of complex conjugate eigenvalues and additional $N-2p$ real eigenvalues, we determine all metrics $M$, of all possible signatures, with…

We introduce a class of 3d theories consisting of strongly-coupled ${\mathcal N}=4$ systems coupled to ${\mathcal N}=3$ Chern-Simons gauge multiplets, which exhibit ${\mathcal N}=4$ enhancements when a peculiar condition on the Chern-Simons…

The Hasse principle and weak approximation is established for equations of the shape P(t)=N(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4), where P is an irreducible quadratic polynomial in one variable and N is a norm form associated to a quartic extension of the…

This work provides explicit characterizations and formulae for the minimal polynomials of a wide variety of structured $4\times 4$ matrices. These include symmetric, Hamiltonian and orthogonal matrices. Applications such as the complete…

We study the problem of approximating the cone of positive semidefinite (PSD) matrices with a cone that can be described by smaller-sized PSD constraints. Specifically, we ask the question: "how closely can we approximate the set of…

There is a remarkable well-known connection between the G$(4,n)$ cluster algebra and $n$-particle amplitudes in $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM theory. For $n \ge 8$ two long-standing open questions have been to find a mathematically natural way to…

We prove a sharp spectral generalization of the Cheeger--Gromoll splitting theorem. We show that if a complete non-compact Riemannian manifold $M$ of dimension $n\geq 2$ has at least two ends and \[ \lambda_1(-\gamma\Delta+\mathrm{Ric})\geq…

Let $x$ and $y$ be positive $n$-vectors. We show that there exists a $2n\times 2n$ positive definite real matrix whose symplectic spectrum is $y,$ and the symplectic spectrum of whose diagonal is $x$ if and only if $x$ is weakly…

While the P vs NP problem is mainly approached form the point of view of discrete mathematics, this paper proposes reformulations into the field of abstract algebra, geometry, fourier analysis and of continuous global optimization - which…

We prove that if an $n\times n$ matrix defined over ${\mathbb Q}_p$ (or more generally an arbitrary complete, discretely-valued, non-Archimedean field) satisfies a certain congruence property, then it has a strictly maximal eigenvalue in…

"Pure" homogeneous linear supermultiplets (minimal and non-minimal) of the N=4-Extended one-dimensional Supersymmetry Algebra are classified. "Pure" means that they admit at least one graphical presentation (the corresponding graph/graphs…

Given symmetric matrices $A_0, A_1, \ldots, A_n$ of size $m$ with rational entries, the set of real vectors $x = (x_1, \ldots, x_n)$ such that the matrix $A_0 + x_1 A_1 + \cdots + x_n A_n$ has non-negative eigenvalues is called a…

We show that the maximal number of equal entries in a totally positive (resp. totally nonsingular) $n\textrm{-by-}n$ matrix is $\Theta(n^{4/3})$ (resp. $\Theta(n^{3/2}$)). Relationships with point-line incidences in the plane, Bruhat order…

We define a function of two real vectors by a certain homogeneous quotient involving power sums, and show that its supremum grows asymptotically linearly w.r.t. the dimension. From this, we deduce a condition under which a parametric set of…

A numerical semigroup is called cyclotomic if its corresponding numerical semigroup polynomial $P_S(x)=(1-x)\sum_{s\in S}x^s$ is expressable as the product of cyclotomic polynomials. Ciolan, Garc\'ia-S\'anchez, and Moree conjectured that…

We study the decision version of tensor spectral norm from the viewpoint of real algebraic complexity. For a rationally specified tensor, the tensor spectral threshold problem asks whether its spectral norm exceeds a prescribed rational…