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Counterfactual instances are a powerful tool to obtain valuable insights into automated decision processes, describing the necessary minimal changes in the input space to alter the prediction towards a desired target. Most previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Robert-Florian Samoilescu , Arnaud Van Looveren , Janis Klaise

There is a growing concern that the recent progress made in AI, especially regarding the predictive competence of deep learning models, will be undermined by a failure to properly explain their operation and outputs. In response to this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Eoin M. Kenny , Mark T. Keane

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has demonstrated promising capability in solving complex control problems. However, DRL applications in safety-critical systems are hindered by the inherent lack of robust verification techniques to assure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Amir Samadi , Konstantinos Koufos , Kurt Debattista , Mehrdad Dianati

Generating counterfactual explanations is one of the most effective approaches for uncovering the inner workings of black-box neural network models and building user trust. While remarkable strides have been made in generative modeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Nishtha Madaan , Srikanta Bedathur

Deep learning models in computer vision have made remarkable progress, but their lack of transparency and interpretability remains a challenge. The development of explainable AI can enhance the understanding and performance of these models.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Bismillah Khan , Syed Ali Tariq , Tehseen Zia , Muhammad Ahsan , David Windridge

In vision classification, generating inputs that elicit confident predictions is key to understanding model behavior and reliability, especially under adversarial or out-of-distribution (OOD) conditions. While traditional adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Pirzada Suhail , Pravesh Khaparde , Amit Sethi

Counterfactual examples identify how inputs can be altered to change the predicted class of a classifier, thus opening up the black-box nature of, e.g., deep neural networks. We propose a method, ECINN, that utilizes the generative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Frederik Hvilshøj , Alexandros Iosifidis , Ira Assent

We propose an architecture for training generative models of counterfactual conditionals of the form, 'can we modify event A to cause B instead of C?', motivated by applications in robot control. Using an 'adversarial training' paradigm, an…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Simón C. Smith , Subramanian Ramamoorthy

Counterfactual explanations have shown promising results as a post-hoc framework to make image classifiers more explainable. In this paper, we propose DiME, a method allowing the generation of counterfactual images using the recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Guillaume Jeanneret , Loïc Simon , Frédéric Jurie

We propose an interactive methodology for generating counterfactual explanations for univariate time series data in classification tasks by leveraging 2D projections and decision boundary maps to tackle interpretability challenges. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Udo Schlegel , Julius Rauscher , Daniel A. Keim

Counterfactual Explanations are becoming a de-facto standard in post-hoc interpretable machine learning. For a given classifier and an instance classified in an undesired class, its counterfactual explanation corresponds to small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Veronica Piccialli , Dolores Romero Morales , Cecilia Salvatore

While deep learning has led to huge progress in complex image classification tasks like ImageNet, unexpected failure modes, e.g. via spurious features, call into question how reliably these classifiers work in the wild. Furthermore, for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Maximilian Augustin , Yannic Neuhaus , Matthias Hein

Counterfactual explanations for machine learning models are used to find minimal interventions to the feature values such that the model changes the prediction to a different output or a target output. A valid counterfactual explanation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Shravan Kumar Sajja , Sumanta Mukherjee , Satyam Dwivedi

Model inversion, whose goal is to recover training data from a pre-trained model, has been recently proved feasible. However, existing inversion methods usually suffer from the mode collapse problem, where the synthesized instances are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-19 Gongfan Fang , Jie Song , Xinchao Wang , Chengchao Shen , Xingen Wang , Mingli Song

Counterfactuals answer questions of what would have been observed under altered circumstances and can therefore offer valuable insights. Whereas the classical interventional interpretation of counterfactuals has been studied extensively,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Klaus-Rudolf Kladny , Julius von Kügelgen , Bernhard Schölkopf , Michael Muehlebach

Counterfactual explanations (CE) explain model decisions by identifying input modifications that lead to different predictions. Most existing methods operate at the instance level. Distributional Counterfactual Explanations (DCE) extend…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yikai Gu , Lele Cao , Bo Zhao , Lei Lei , Lei You

When an image classifier outputs a wrong class label, it can be helpful to see what changes in the image would lead to a correct classification. This is the aim of algorithms generating counterfactual explanations. However, there is no…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Benedikt Höltgen , Lisa Schut , Jan M. Brauner , Yarin Gal

Visual counterfactual explanations aim to reveal the minimal semantic modifications that can alter a model's prediction, providing causal and interpretable insights into deep neural networks. However, existing diffusion-based counterfactual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Changlu Guo , Anders Nymark Christensen , Anders Bjorholm Dahl , Morten Rieger Hannemose

Interpretable machine learning seeks to understand the reasoning process of complex black-box systems that are long notorious for lack of explainability. One flourishing approach is through counterfactual explanations, which provide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Vy Vo , Trung Le , Van Nguyen , He Zhao , Edwin Bonilla , Gholamreza Haffari , Dinh Phung

Visual counterfactual explanations are ideal hypothetical images that change the decision-making of the classifier with high confidence toward the desired class while remaining visually plausible and close to the initial image. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Tung Luu , Nam Le , Duc Le , Bac Le