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The classical problem of two uniformly charged infinite planes in electrochemical equilibrium with an infinite monovalent salt reservoir is solved exactly at the mean-field nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) level, including an explicit…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-11-07 M. N. Tamashiro , H. Schiessel

We develop an efficient and reliable adaptive finite element method (AFEM) for the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE). We first examine the regularization technique of Chen, Holst, and Xu; this technique made possible the first a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2010-10-01 Michael Holst , James Andrew McCammon , Zeyun Yu , Yongcheng Zhou , Yunrong Zhu

The Poisson-Boltzmann equation offers an efficient way to study electrostatics in molecular settings. Its numerical solution with the boundary element method is widely used, as the complicated molecular surface is accurately represented by…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-08-25 Stefan D. Search , Christopher D. Cooper , Elwin van't Wout

In this paper, we solve the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation, used to model the electric potential of macromolecules in a solvent. We derive a corrected trapezoidal rule with improved accuracy for a boundary integral formulation of the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-10-10 Federico Izzo , Yimin Zhong , Olof Runborg , Richard Tsai

The Poisson--Boltzmann equation is widely used to model electrostatics in molecular systems. Available software packages solve it using finite difference, finite element, and boundary element methods, where the latter is attractive due to…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-12-24 Michal Bosy , Matthew W. Scroggs , Timo Betcke , Erik Burman , Christopher D. Cooper

The description of a conducting medium in thermal equilibrium, such as an electrolyte solution or a plasma, involves nonlinear electrostatics, a subject rarely discussed in the standard electricity and magnetism textbooks. We consider in…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2018-08-01 C. G. Gray , P. J. Stiles

The computational study of chemical reactions in complex, wet environments is critical for applications in many fields. It is often essential to study chemical reactions in the presence of applied electrochemical potentials, taking into…

Materials Science · Physics 2016-01-20 G. Fisicaro , L. Genovese , O. Andreussi , N. Marzari , S. Goedecker

The size-modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation (SMPBE) is one important variant of the popular dielectric model, the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE), to reflect ionic size effects in the prediction of electrostatics for a biomolecule in an…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-10-21 Jinyong Ying , Dexuan Xie

A numerical method using implicit surface representations is proposed to solve the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equations that arise in mathematical models for the electrostatics of molecules in solvent. The proposed method used an implicit…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-04-04 Yimin Zhong , Kui Ren , Richard Tsai

In this paper, we present an analytical solution to nonlocal continuum electrostatics for an arbitrary charge distribution in a spherical solute. Our approach relies on two key steps: (1) re-formulating the PDE problem using…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2012-08-22 Jaydeep P. Bardhan , Matthew G. Knepley , Peter R. Brune

Understanding the behavior of biomolecules such as proteins requires understanding the critical influence of the surrounding fluid (solvent) environment--water with mobile salt ions such as sodium. Unfortunately, for many studies, fully…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2015-05-27 J. P. Bardhan , D. A. Tejani , N. S. Wieckowski , A. Ramaswamy , M. G. Knepley

A variational approach is used to develop a robust numerical procedure for solving the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Following Maggs et al., we construct an appropriate constrained free energy functional, such that its…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2020-04-29 M. Baptista , R. Schmitz , B. Duenweg

The Poisson-Boltzmann equation is a nonlinear elliptic equation with Dirac distribution sources, which has been widely applied to the prediction of electrostatics potential of biological biomolecular systems in solution. In this paper, we…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-07-18 Linghan Huang , Shi Shu , Ying Yang

In this paper, we develop a domain decomposition method for the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation based on a solvent-excluded surface widely used in computational chemistry. The model relies on a nonlinear equation defined in…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-04-08 Abhinav Jha , Benjamin Stamm

We consider the Poisson-Boltzmann equation in a periodic cell, representative of a porous medium. It is a model for the electrostatic distribution of $N$ chemical species diluted in a liquid at rest, occupying the pore space with charged…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2015-04-24 Gregoire Allaire , Jean-Francois Dufreche , Andro Mikelic , Andrey Piatnitski

Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theory is the classic approach to soft matter electrostatics which has been applied to numerous problems of physical chemistry and biophysics. Its essential limitations are the neglect of correlation effects and of…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2016-08-03 Sahin Buyukdagli , Ralf Blossey

A finite element discretization using a method of lines approached is proposed for approximately solving the Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations. This discretization scheme enforces positivity of the computed solutions, corresponding to…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2015-03-17 Chun Liu , Maximilian Metti , Jinchao Xu

Efficient and stable solution of partial differential equations (PDEs) is central to scientific and engineering applications, yet existing numerical solvers rely heavily on matrix based discretizations, while learning based methods require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Yi Bing , Zheng Ran , Fu Jinyang , Liu Long , Peng Xiang

The Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation provides a mean-field theory of electrolyte solutions at interfaces and in confinement, describing how ions reorganize close to charged surfaces to form the so-called electrical double layer (EDL), with…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2024-09-10 Cecilia Herrero , Laurent Joly

We present the theory and implementation of a Poisson-Boltzmann implicit solvation model for electrolyte solutions. This model can be combined with arbitrary electronic structure methods that provide an accurate charge density of the…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-01-08 Christopher J. Stein , John M. Herbert , Martin Head-Gordon