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This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jose A. Solano-Castellanos , Hassan Haes Alhelou , Ali T. Al- Awami , Mohannad Alkhraijah , Anuradha M. Annaswamy

This paper proposes a decentralised secondary voltage control strategy that has several benefits over the existing centralised strategies. For that, a new structure for the control is proposed in terms of an inner and outer loops for each…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-31 Jitendra Kumar Goyal , Vinu Thomas , Bogdan Marinescu

This paper addresses the problem of output voltage regulation for multiple DC/DC converters connected to a microgrid, and prescribes a scheme for sharing power among different sources. This architecture is structured in such a way that it…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-01-12 Mayank Baranwal , Alireza Askarian , Srinivasa M. Salapaka

This paper developed a novel control approach for the sparse and safe frequency regulation for inverter intensive microgrids (MGs). In the scenario, the inverters and external grids are expected to reach a synchronized desired frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-12 Junhui Zhang , Lizhi Ding , Xiaonan Lu , Wenyuan Tang

The large-scale integration of inverter-interfaced renewable energy sources presents significant challenges to maintaining power balance and nominal frequency in modern power systems. This paper studies grid-level coordinated control of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Xiaoyang Wang , Xin Chen

In this paper a novel distributed control algorithm for current sharing and voltage regulation in Direct Current (DC) microgrids is proposed. The DC microgrid is composed of several Distributed Generation units (DGUs), including Buck…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-05-01 Michele Cucuzzella , Sebastian Trip , Claudio De Persis , Xiaodong Cheng , Antonella Ferrara , Arjan van der Schaft

This paper presents the novel Droop-e grid-forming inverter control strategy, which establishes an active power-frequency relationship based on an exponential function of the inverter power dispatch. The advantages of this control strategy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-11 Rick Wallace Kenyon , Amirhossein Sajadi , Bri-Mathias Hodge

Centralized secondary voltage control in a power system has been replaced by the distributed controller in the recent literature due to its high dependency on extensive communication messages. Although in the new method each distributed…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-04-16 Ali Dehghan Banadaki , Ali Feliachi , Vinod K. Kulathumani

This paper presents a novel grid-forming voltage control strategy for a battery energy storage system to maintain balanced three-phase output voltages when serving unbalanced loads. A stationary reference frame ($\alpha \beta$) based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-23 Bei Xu , Victor Paduani , Hui Yu , David Lubkeman , Ning Lu

Grid-forming, particularly those utilizing droop control and virtual synchronous generators (VSG), can actively regulate the frequency and voltage of microgrid systems, exhibiting dynamic characteristics akin to those of synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-13 Yan Tong , Qin Wang , Aihong Tang

In this paper, we present a model-based frequency controller for microgrids with nonzero line resistances based on a port-Hamiltonian formulation of the microgrid model and real-time dynamic pricing. The controller is applicable for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-09 Lukas Kölsch , Manuel Dupuis , Kirtan Bhatt , Stefan Krebs , Sören Hohmann

Grid-connected inverters are required to operate stably under a wide range of grid conditions. However, conventional grid-following (GFL) control may suffer from instability under weak-grid conditions, while grid-forming (GFM) control may…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Zirui Wang , Yitong Li , Quanchi Wu , Jinjun Liu

We present a distributed and price-based control approach for frequency regulation in power grids with nonzero line conductances. Both grid and controller are modeled as a port-Hamiltonian system, where the grid model consists of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-09-20 Lukas Kölsch , Kirtan Bhatt , Stefan Krebs , Sören Hohmann

We consider the problem of stability analysis for distribution grids with droop-controlled inverters and dynamic distribution power lines. The inverters are modeled as voltage sources with controllable frequency and amplitude. This problem…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-27 Stefanos Baros , Christoforos N. Hadjicostis , Francis O'Sullivan

Smart inverters have been advocated as a fast-responding mechanism for voltage regulation in distribution grids. Nevertheless, optimal inverter coordination can be computationally demanding, and preset local control rules are known to be…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-09-26 Mana Jalali , Vassilis Kekatos , Nikolaos Gatsis , Deepjyoti Deka

This paper addresses the distributed optimal frequency control of power systems considering a network-preserving model with nonlinear power flows and excitation voltage dynamics. Salient features of the proposed distributed control strategy…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-02-14 Zhaojian Wang , Feng Liu , John Z. F. Pang , Steven Low , Shengwei Mei

In this paper, we propose a novel four-stage distributed controller for a DC microgrid that achieves power sharing and average voltage regulation for the voltages at actuated and unactuated buses. The controller is presented for a DC…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-01 Albertus Johannes Malan , Pol Jané-Soniera , Felix Strehle , Sören Hohmann

The electrical grid is evolving from a network consisting of mostly synchronous machines to a mixture of synchronous machines and inverter-based resources such as wind, solar, and energy storage. This transformation has led to a decrease in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-29 Atinuke Ademola-Idowu , Baosen Zhang

This paper studies the problem of frequency regulation in power grids under unknown and possible time-varying load changes, while minimizing the generation costs. We formulate this problem as an output agreement problem for distribution…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-10-01 Sebastian Trip , Mathias Bürger , Claudio De Persis

This paper considers a distributed PI-controller for networked dynamical systems. Sufficient conditions for when the controller is able to stabilize a general linear system and eliminate static control errors are presented. The proposed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-10-01 Martin Andreasson , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Henrik Sandberg , Karl H. Johansson