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Automated hate speech detection is an important tool in combating the spread of hate speech, particularly in social media. Numerous methods have been developed for the task, including a recent proliferation of deep-learning based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Jitendra Singh Malik , Hezhe Qiao , Guansong Pang , Anton van den Hengel

Hateful videos present serious risks to online safety and real-world well-being, necessitating effective detection methods. Although multimodal classification approaches integrating information from several modalities outperform unimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Jiangbei Yue , Shuonan Yang , Tailin Chen , Jianbo Jiao , Zeyu Fu

An outstanding image-text retrieval model depends on high-quality labeled data. While the builders of existing image-text retrieval datasets strive to ensure that the caption matches the linked image, they cannot prevent a caption from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Xu Yan , Chunhui Ai , Ziqiang Cao , Min Cao , Sujian Li , Wenjie Li , Guohong Fu

Image-with-text memes combine text with imagery to achieve comedy, but in today's world, they also play a pivotal role in online communication, influencing politics, marketing, and social norms. A "meme template" is a preexisting layout or…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Levente Murgás , Marcell Nagy , Kate Barnes , Roland Molontay

Social media platforms are increasingly dominated by long-form multimodal content, where harmful narratives are constructed through a complex interplay of audio, visual, and textual cues. While automated systems can flag hate speech with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Girish A. Koushik , Helen Treharne , Diptesh Kanojia

Image captioning as a multimodal task has drawn much interest in recent years. However, evaluation for this task remains a challenging problem. Existing evaluation metrics focus on surface similarity between a candidate caption and a set of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-20 Huiyuan Xie , Tom Sherborne , Alexander Kuhnle , Ann Copestake

We present a self-supervised method to improve an agent's abilities in describing arbitrary objects while actively exploring a generic environment. This is a challenging problem, as current models struggle to obtain coherent image captions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Tommaso Galliena , Tommaso Apicella , Stefano Rosa , Pietro Morerio , Alessio Del Bue , Lorenzo Natale

One of the major challenges of machine translation (MT) is ambiguity, which can in some cases be resolved by accompanying context such as images. However, recent work in multimodal MT (MMT) has shown that obtaining improvements from images…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Matthieu Futeral , Cordelia Schmid , Ivan Laptev , Benoît Sagot , Rachel Bawden

Hate speech detection has been extensively studied, yet existing methods often overlook a real-world complexity: training labels are biased, and interpretations of what is considered hate vary across individuals with different cultural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Weibin Cai , Reza Zafarani

In this study, we propose feature extraction for multimodal meme classification using Deep Learning approaches. A meme is usually a photo or video with text shared by the young generation on social media platforms that expresses a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Sofiane Ouaari , Tsegaye Misikir Tashu , Tomas Horvath

Visual captioning aims to generate textual descriptions given images or videos. Traditionally, image captioning models are trained on human annotated datasets such as Flickr30k and MS-COCO, which are limited in size and diversity. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Marimuthu Kalimuthu , Aditya Mogadala , Marius Mosbach , Dietrich Klakow

Memes, which rapidly disseminate personal opinions and positions across the internet, also pose significant challenges in propagating social bias and prejudice. This study presents a novel approach to detecting harmful memes, particularly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Jingtao Cao , Zheng Zhang , Hongru Wang , Bin Liang , Hao Wang , Kam-Fai Wong

The goal of hate speech detection is to filter negative online content aiming at certain groups of people. Due to the easy accessibility of social media platforms it is crucial to protect everyone which requires building hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Irina Bigoulaeva , Viktor Hangya , Iryna Gurevych , Alexander Fraser

Large language models (LLMs) have enhanced the capacity of vision-language models to caption visual text. This generative approach to image caption enrichment further makes textual captions more descriptive, improving alignment with the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Yusuke Hirota , Ryo Hachiuma , Chao-Han Huck Yang , Yuta Nakashima

Automatically generating a human-like description for a given image is a potential research in artificial intelligence, which has attracted a great of attention recently. Most of the existing attention methods explore the mapping…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Feicheng Huang , Zhixin Li , Haiyang Wei , Canlong Zhang , Huifang Ma

Internet memes are a central element of online culture, blending images and text. While substantial research has focused on either the visual or textual components of memes, little attention has been given to their interplay. This gap…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Aidos Konyspay , Pakizar Shamoi , Malika Ziyada , Zhusup Smambayev

Hate speech in social media is a growing phenomenon, and detecting such toxic content has recently gained significant traction in the research community. Existing studies have explored fine-tuning language models (LMs) to perform hate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Md Rabiul Awal , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Eshaan Tanwar , Tanmay Garg , Tanmoy Chakraborty

In this paper, we propose a novel conditional-generative-adversarial-nets-based image captioning framework as an extension of traditional reinforcement-learning (RL)-based encoder-decoder architecture. To deal with the inconsistent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Chen Chen , Shuai Mu , Wanpeng Xiao , Zexiong Ye , Liesi Wu , Qi Ju

Image captioning aims to describe visual content in natural language. As 'a picture is worth a thousand words', there could be various correct descriptions for an image. However, with maximum likelihood estimation as the training objective,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Zihao Yue , Anwen Hu , Liang Zhang , Qin Jin

This paper discusses and demonstrates the outcomes from our experimentation on Image Captioning. Image captioning is a much more involved task than image recognition or classification, because of the additional challenge of recognizing the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-24 Vikram Mullachery , Vishal Motwani