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When captioning an image, people describe objects in diverse ways, such as by using different terms and/or including details that are perceptually noteworthy to them. Descriptions can be especially unique across languages and cultures.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Kyle Buettner , Jacob T. Emmerson , Adriana Kovashka

The automated detection of sexism in memes is a challenging task due to multimodal ambiguity, cultural nuance, and the use of humor to provide plausible deniability. Content-only models often fail to capture the complexity of human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Iván Arcos , Paolo Rosso , Elena Gomis-Vicent

Hate speech (HS) classifiers do not perform equally well in detecting hateful expressions towards different target identities. They also demonstrate systematic biases in predicted hatefulness scores. Tapping on two recently proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yiping Jin , Leo Wanner , Aneesh Moideen Koya

Memes often merge visuals with brief text to share humor or opinions, yet some memes contain harmful messages such as hate speech. In this paper, we introduces MemeBLIP2, a light weight multimodal system that detects harmful memes by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Jiaqi Liu , Ran Tong , Aowei Shen , Shuzheng Li , Changlin Yang , Lisha Xu

In the past few years, the meme has become a new way of communication on the Internet. As memes are the images with embedded text, it can quickly spread hate, offence and violence. Classifying memes are very challenging because of their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Eftekhar Hossain , Omar Sharif , Mohammed Moshiul Hoque

Online memes are a powerful yet challenging medium for content moderation, often masking harmful intent behind humor, irony, or cultural symbolism. Conventional moderation systems "especially those relying on explicit text" frequently fail…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Sayantan Adak , Somnath Banerjee , Rajarshi Mandal , Avik Halder , Sayan Layek , Rima Hazra , Animesh Mukherjee

Reducing hateful and offensive content in online social media pose a dual problem for the moderators. On the one hand, rigid censorship on social media cannot be imposed. On the other, the free flow of such content cannot be allowed. Hence,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-09-30 Punyajoy Saha , Binny Mathew , Pawan Goyal , Animesh Mukherjee

Image captioning models require the high-level generalization ability to describe the contents of various images in words. Most existing approaches treat the image-caption pairs equally in their training without considering the differences…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-15 Hongkuan Zhang , Saku Sugawara , Akiko Aizawa , Lei Zhou , Ryohei Sasano , Koichi Takeda

Optimization of offensive content moderation models for different types of hateful messages is typically achieved through continued pre-training or fine-tuning on new hate speech benchmarks. However, existing benchmarks mainly address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Irina Proskurina , Marc-Antoine Carpentier , Julien Velcin

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on simple text classification tasks, frequently under zero-shot settings. However, their efficacy declines when tackling complex social media challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Elyas Meguellati , Assaad Zeghina , Shazia Sadiq , Gianluca Demartini

Online social platforms are beset with hateful speech - content that expresses hatred for a person or group of people. Such content can frighten, intimidate, or silence platform users, and some of it can inspire other users to commit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-02 Haji Mohammad Saleem , Kelly P Dillon , Susan Benesch , Derek Ruths

The proliferation of hate speech on social media platforms has necessitated the development of effective detection and moderation tools. This study evaluates the efficacy of various machine learning models in identifying hate speech and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Saurabh Mishra , Shivani Thakur , Radhika Mamidi

The detection of offensive, hateful content on social media is a challenging problem that affects many online users on a daily basis. Hateful content is often used to target a group of people based on ethnicity, gender, religion and other…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Sherzod Hakimov , Gullal S. Cheema , Ralph Ewerth

Target-oriented multimodal sentiment classification seeks to predict sentiment polarity for specific targets from image-text pairs. While existing works achieve competitive performance, they often over-rely on textual content and fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Zhiyue Liu , Fanrong Ma , Xin Ling

In recent years , there has been an upsurge in a new form of entertainment medium called memes. These memes although seemingly innocuous have transcended onto the boundary of online harassment against women and created an unwanted bias…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Harshvardhan Srivastava

Unpaired Image Captioning (UIC) has been developed to learn image descriptions from unaligned vision-language sample pairs. Existing works usually tackle this task using adversarial learning and visual concept reward based on reinforcement…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Peipei Zhu , Xiao Wang , Lin Zhu , Zhenglong Sun , Weishi Zheng , Yaowei Wang , Changwen Chen

Hate speech detection in Devanagari-scripted social media memes presents compounded challenges: multimodal content structure, script-specific linguistic complexity, and extreme data scarcity in low-resource settings. This paper presents our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Samir Wagle , Reewaj Khanal , Abiral Adhikari

Memes have become a distinctive and effective form of communication in the digital era, attracting online communities and cutting across cultural barriers. Even though memes are frequently linked with humor, they have an amazing capacity to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Kazi Toufique Elahi , Tasnuva Binte Rahman , Shakil Shahriar , Samir Sarker , Sajib Kumar Saha Joy , Faisal Muhammad Shah

Image-Text-Matching (ITM) is one of the defacto methods of learning generalized representations from a large corpus in Vision and Language (VL). However, due to the weak association between the web-collected image-text pairs, models fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Esra Dönmez , Pascal Tilli , Hsiu-Yu Yang , Thang Vu , Carina Silberer

Image captioning is a multimodal problem that has drawn extensive attention in both the natural language processing and computer vision community. In this paper, we present a novel image captioning architecture to better explore semantics…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Zhan Shi , Xu Zhou , Xipeng Qiu , Xiaodan Zhu