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Automated testing is essential for evaluating and improving the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet the lack of automated oracles for verifying output correctness remains a key challenge. We present LLMORPH, an automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Steven Cho , Stefano Ruberto , Valerio Terragni

This paper presents a data-driven framework to improve the trustworthiness of US tax preparation software systems. Given the legal implications of bugs in such software on its users, ensuring compliance and trustworthiness of tax…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Saeid Tizpaz-Niari , Verya Monjezi , Morgan Wagner , Shiva Darian , Krystia Reed , Ashutosh Trivedi

Metamorphic testing has recently been used to check the safety of neural NLP models. Its main advantage is that it does not rely on a ground truth to generate test cases. However, existing studies are mostly concerned with robustness-like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Edoardo Manino , Julia Rozanova , Danilo Carvalho , Andre Freitas , Lucas Cordeiro

As the laws have become more complicated and enormous, the role of software systems in navigating and understanding these intricacies has become more critical. Given their socio-economic and legally critical implications, ensuring software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Saeid Tizpaz-Niari , Shiva Darian , Ashutosh Trivedi

Unsupervised machine learning is the training of an artificial intelligence system using information that is neither classified nor labeled, with a view to modeling the underlying structure or distribution in a dataset. Since unsupervised…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Xiaoyuan Xie , Zhiyi Zhang , Tsong Yueh Chen , Yang Liu , Pak-Lok Poon , Baowen Xu

Genetic programming is an evolutionary approach known for its performance in program synthesis. However, it is not yet mature enough for a practical use in real-world software development, since usually many training cases are required to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-23 Dominik Sobania , Martin Briesch , Philipp Röchner , Franz Rothlauf

We have recently witnessed tremendous success of Machine Learning (ML) in practical applications. Computer vision, speech recognition and language translation have all seen a near human level performance. We expect, in the near future, most…

Metamorphic Relations (MRs) serve as a foundational mechanism for generating semantically equivalent mutations. Software engineering has advanced significantly in recent years with the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Mostafijur Rahman Akhond , Gias Uddin

In software testing, a set of test cases is constructed according to some predefined selection criteria. The software is then examined against these test cases. Three interesting observations have been made on the current artifacts of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-02 T. Y. Chen , S. C. Cheung , S. M. Yiu

Large language models and deep learning models designed for code intelligence have revolutionized the software engineering field due to their ability to perform various code-related tasks. These models can process source code and software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Ali Asgari , Milan de Koning , Pouria Derakhshanfar , Annibale Panichella

To alleviate the cost of regression testing in continuous integration (CI), a large number of machine learning-based (ML-based) test case prioritization techniques have been proposed. However, it is yet unknown how they perform under the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Yifan Zhao , Dan Hao , Lu Zhang

While a recent study reveals that many developer-written test cases can encode a reusable Metamorphic Relation (MR), over 70% of them directly hard-code the source input and follow-up input in the encoded relation. Such encoded MRs, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Congying Xu , Songqiang Chen , Jiarong Wu , Shing-Chi Cheung , Valerio Terragni , Hengcheng Zhu , Jialun Cao

Recently there has been significant progress in the field of dialogue system thanks to the introduction of training paradigms such as fine-tune and prompt learning. Persona can function as the prior knowledge for maintaining the personality…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Yanbing Chen , Lin Li , Xiaohui Tao , Dong Zhou

Test case prioritization focuses on finding a suitable order of execution of the test cases in a test suite to meet some performance goals like detecting faults early. It is likely that some test cases execute the program parts that are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-27 S. Panda , D. Munjal , D. P. Mohapatra

This paper evaluates the use of metamorphic relations to enhance the robustness and real-world performance of machine learning models. We propose a Metamorphic Retraining Framework, which applies metamorphic relations to data and utilizes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Said Togru , Youssef Sameh Mostafa , Karim Lotfy

Regression testing is an essential activity to assure that software code changes do not adversely affect existing functionalities. With the wide adoption of Continuous Integration (CI) in software projects, which increases the frequency of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Rongqi Pan , Mojtaba Bagherzadeh , Taher A. Ghaleb , Lionel Briand

This article discusses the challenges of testing software systems with increasingly integrated AI and LLM functionalities. LLMs are powerful but unreliable, and labeled ground truth for testing rarely scales. Metamorphic Testing solves this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Valerio Terragni

Test case prioritisation (TCP) is a critical task in regression testing to ensure quality as software evolves. Machine learning has become a common way to achieve it. In particular, learning-to-rank (LTR) algorithms provide an effective…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Aurora Ramírez , Mario Berrios , José Raúl Romero , Robert Feldt

We propose a new test case prioritization technique that combines both mutation-based and diversity-based approaches. Our diversity-aware mutation-based technique relies on the notion of mutant distinguishment, which aims to distinguish one…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-01-24 Donghwan Shin , Shin Yoo , Mike Papadakis , Doo-Hwan Bae

Multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) is the generalization of standard reinforcement learning (RL) approaches to solve sequential decision making problems that consist of several, possibly conflicting, objectives. Generally, in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Xi Chen , Ali Ghadirzadeh , Mårten Björkman , Patric Jensfelt