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Identifying and selecting high-quality Metamorphic Relations (MRs) is a challenge in Metamorphic Testing (MT). While some techniques for automatically selecting MRs have been proposed, they are either domain-specific or rely on strict…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Alejandra Duque-Torres , Dietmar Pfahl , Claus Klammer , Stefan Fischer

Metamorphic testing seeks to verify software in the absence of test oracles. Our application domain is ocean system modeling, where test oracles rarely exist, but where symmetries of the simulated physical systems are known. The input data…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-18 Dilip Jagadeeshwarswamy Hiremath , Martin Claus , Wilhelm Hasselbring , Willi Rath

Large language models (LLMs) have introduced substantial challenges to software quality assurance due to their generative, probabilistic, and open-ended nature, which intensifies the oracle problem and limits the applicability of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zheng Zheng , Zenghui Zhou , Yinwang Xu , Daixu Ren , Tsong Yueh Chen

Metamorphic testing is a well known approach to tackle the oracle problem in software testing. This technique requires the use of source test cases that serve as seeds for the generation of follow-up test cases. Systematic design of test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-02-22 Prashanta Saha , Upulee Kanewala

Automated test generation has helped to reduce the cost of software testing. However, developing effective test oracles for these automatically generated test inputs is a challenging task. Therefore, most automated test generation tools use…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Prashanta Saha , Upulee Kanewala

Metamorphic testing is a popular approach that aims to alleviate the oracle problem in software testing. At the core of this approach are Metamorphic Relations (MRs), specifying properties that hold among multiple test inputs and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jon Ayerdi , Valerio Terragni , Gunel Jahangirova , Aitor Arrieta , Paolo Tonella

Security testing aims at verifying that the software meets its security properties. In modern Web systems, however, this often entails the verification of the outputs generated when exercising the system with a very large set of inputs.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Nazanin Bayati Chaleshtari , Fabrizio Pastore , Arda Goknil , Lionel C. Briand

In recent years, Large language model-powered Automated Program Repair (LAPR) techniques have achieved state-of-the-art bug-fixing performance and have been pervasively applied and studied in both industry and academia. Nonetheless, LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Pengyu Xue , Linhao Wu , Zhen Yang , Zhongxing Yu , Zhi Jin , Ge Li , Yan Xiao , Shuo Liu , Xinyi Li , Hongyi Lin , Jingwen Wu

Deep learning (DL) frameworks are essential to DL-based software systems, and framework bugs may lead to substantial disasters, thus requiring effective testing. Researchers adopt DL models or single interfaces as test inputs and analyze…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Yanzhou Mu , Juan Zhai , Chunrong Fang , Xiang Chen , Zhixiang Cao , Peiran Yang , Kexin Zhao , An Guo , Zhenyu Chen

Metamorphic testing is a testing method for problems without test oracles. Integration testing allows for detecting errors in complex systems that may not be found during the testing of their components. In this paper, we propose a novel…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Sofia F. Yakusheva , Anton S. Khritankov

With the wide application of machine translation, the testing of Machine Translation Systems (MTSs) has attracted much attention. Recent works apply Metamorphic Testing (MT) to address the oracle problem in MTS testing. Existing MT methods…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Xiaoyuan Xie , Shuo Jin , Songqiang Chen , Shing-Chi Cheung

Genetic Algorithms are a popular set of optimization algorithms often used to aid software testing. However, no work has been done to apply systematic software testing techniques to genetic algorithms because of the stochasticity and the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-06 Janette Rounds , Upulee Kanewala

Metamorphic testing seeks to validate software in the absence of test oracles. Our application domain is ocean modeling, where test oracles often do not exist, but where symmetries of the simulated physical systems are known. In this short…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-04 Dilip J. Hiremath , Martin Claus , Wilhelm Hasselbring , Willi Rath

With the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, researchers have been working on how to utilize the LLMs for better recommendations. However, although LLMs exhibit black-box and probabilistic characteristics (meaning their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Madhurima Khirbat , Yongli Ren , Pablo Castells , Mark Sanderson

Training multiple-layered deep neural networks (DNNs) is difficult. The standard practice of using a large number of samples for training often does not improve the performance of a DNN to a satisfactory level. Thus, a systematic training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Tsong Yueh Chen , Pak-Lok Poon , Kun Qiu , Zheng Zheng , Jinyi Zhou

LLM-based automated program repair (APR) techniques have shown promising results in reducing debugging costs. However, prior results can be affected by data leakage: large language models (LLMs) may memorize bug fixes when evaluation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Milan De Koning , Ali Asgari , Pouria Derakhshanfar , Annibale Panichella

Metamorphic testing (MT) is a widely recognized technique for alleviating the oracle problem in software testing. However, its adoption is hindered by the difficulty of constructing effective metamorphic relations (MRs), which often require…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Congying Xu , Hengcheng Zhu , Songqiang Chen , Jiarong Wu , Valerio Terragni , Shing-Chi Cheung

Bioinformatics software plays a very important role in making critical decisions within many areas including medicine and health care. However, most of the research is directed towards developing tools, and little time and effort is spent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-02-22 Madhusudan Srinivasan , Morteza Pourreza Shahri , Upulee Kanewala , Indika Kahanda

The widespread deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified concerns about subtle social biases embedded in their outputs. Existing guardrails often fail when faced with indirect or contextually complex bias-inducing prompts.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Sina Salimian , Gias Uddin , Sumon Biswas , Henry Leung

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in Natural Language Processing but remain vulnerable to fairness-related issues, often reflecting biases inherent in their training data. These biases pose risks, particularly when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Harishwar Reddy , Madhusudan Srinivasan , Upulee Kanewala