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We show that for any two distinct words $ s_1, s_2 $ over an arbitrary alphabets, there exists a deterministic finite automaton with $ O(\log^2 n) $ states that accepts $ s_1 $ and rejects $ s_2 $. This improves the previous upper bound of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Bogdan C. Dumitru

We study the emptiness and $\lambda$-reachability problems for unary and binary Probabilistic Finite Automata (PFA) and characterise the complexity of these problems in terms of the degree of ambiguity of the automaton and the size of its…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Paul C. Bell , Pavel Semukhin

We reinvestigate known lower bounds for the Intersection Non-Emptiness Problem for Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA's). We first strengthen conditional time complexity lower bounds from T. Kasai and S. Iwata (1985) which showed that…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Michael Wehar

Partially ordered nondeterminsitic finite automata (poNFAs) are NFAs whose transition relation induces a partial order on states, that is, for which cycles occur only in the form of self-loops on a single state. A poNFA is universal if it…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Markus Krötzsch , Tomáš Masopust , Michaël Thomazo

Finite automata (FA) are a fundamental computational abstraction that is widely used in practice for various tasks in computer science, linguistics, biology, electrical engineering, and artificial intelligence. Given an input word, an FA…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jaime Cuartas Granada , Alexey Ignatiev , Peter J. Stuckey

The state complexity, respectively, nondeterministic state complexity of a regular language $L$ is the number of states of the minimal deterministic, respectively, of a minimal nondeterministic finite automaton for $L$. Some of the most…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Arto Salomaa , Kai Salomaa , Taylor J. Smith

We investigate the nondeterministic state complexity of the square-root operation $\sqrt{L}=\{\,w \mid ww\in L\,\}$ on regular languages represented by nondeterministic finite automata. For an $n$-state NFA accepting $L$, it was previously…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Sergey Onishchenko

We investigate the nondeterministic state complexity of basic operations for suffix-free regular languages. The nondeterministic state complexity of an operation is the number of states that are necessary and sufficient in the worst-case…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2010-08-11 Yo-Sub Han , Kai Salomaa

The nondeterministic quantum finite automaton (NQFA) is the only known case where a one-way quantum finite automaton (QFA) model has been shown to be strictly superior in terms of language recognition power to its probabilistic counterpart.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-01-29 Abuzer Yakaryilmaz , A. C. Cem Say

In this paper we develop little further the theory of quantum finite automata (QFA). There are already few properties of QFA known, that deterministic and probabilistic finite automata do not have e.g. they cannot recognize all regular…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Maris Valdats

We introduce a certain restriction of weighted automata over the rationals, called image-binary automata. We show that such automata accept the regular languages, can be exponentially more succinct than corresponding NFAs, and allow for…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Stefan Kiefer , Cas Widdershoven

We study the computational and descriptional complexity of the following transformation: Given a one-counter automaton (OCA) A, construct a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) B that recognizes an abstraction of the language L(A): its…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-11 Mohamed Faouzi Atig , Dmitry Chistikov , Piotr Hofman , K Narayan Kumar , Prakash Saivasan , Georg Zetzsche

In the field of computational logic, two classes of finite automata are considered fundamental: deterministic and nondeterministic automata (DFAs and NFAs). In a more fine-grained approach three natural intermediate classes were introduced,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Karolina Drabik , Anita Dürr , Fabian Frei , Filip Mazowiecki , Karol Węgrzycki

This paper studies the complexity of languages of finite words using automata theory. To go beyond the class of regular languages, we consider infinite automata and the notion of state complexity defined by Karp. Motivated by the seminal…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-12-25 Nathanaël Fijalkow

Complementation of finite automata on infinite words is not only a fundamental problem in automata theory, but also serves as a cornerstone for solving numerous decision problems in mathematical logic, model-checking, program analysis and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Yang Cai , Ting Zhang

In this thesis, we study the place of regular languages within the communication complexity setting. In particular, we are interested in the non-deterministic communication complexity of regular languages. We show that a regular language…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2008-02-01 Anil Ada

Unambiguous B\"uchi automata, i.e. B\"uchi automata allowing only one accepting run per word, are a useful restriction of B\"uchi automata that is well-suited for probabilistic model-checking. In this paper we propose a more permissive…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Christof Löding , Anton Pirogov

We investigate the shuffle operation on regular languages represented by complete deterministic finite automata. We prove that $f(m,n)=2^{mn-1} + 2^{(m-1)(n-1)}(2^{m-1}-1)(2^{n-1}-1)$ is an upper bound on the state complexity of the shuffle…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-07-18 Janusz Brzozowski , Galina Jirásková , Bo Liu , Aayush Rajasekaran , Marek Szykuła

Cellular automata are one-dimensional arrays of interconnected interacting finite automata. We investigate one of the weakest classes, the real-time one-way cellular automata, and impose an additional restriction on their inter-cell…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2009-07-30 Martin Kutrib , Andreas Malcher

We examine the NFA minimization problem in terms of atomic NFA's, that is, NFA's in which the right language of every state is a union of atoms, where the atoms of a regular language are non-empty intersections of complemented and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-01-24 Janusz Brzozowski , Hellis Tamm