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Classifying imbalanced datasets remains a significant challenge in machine learning, particularly with big data where instances are unevenly distributed among classes, leading to class imbalance issues that impact classifier performance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Khaled SH. Raslan , Almohammady S. Alsharkawy , K. R. Raslan

Recent advancements in discrete image generation showed that scaling the VQ codebook size significantly improves reconstruction fidelity. However, training generative models with a large VQ codebook remains challenging, typically requiring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Shufan Li , Jiuxiang Gu , Kangning Liu , Zhe Lin , Aditya Grover , Jason Kuen

Data-driven fault diagnostics and prognostics suffers from class-imbalance problem in industrial systems and it raises challenges to common machine learning algorithms as it becomes difficult to learn the features of the minority class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Wenfang Lin , Zhenyu Wu , Yang Ji

This paper introduces the Strain Elevation Tension Spring embedding (SETSe) algorithm, a graph embedding method that uses a physics model to create node and edge embeddings in undirected attribute networks. Using a low-dimensional…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Jonathan Bourne

Neighbour embeddings (NE) allow the representation of high dimensional datasets into lower dimensional spaces and are often used in data visualisation. In practice, accelerated approximations are employed to handle very large datasets.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Pierre Lambert , Edouard Couplet , Michel Verleysen , John Aldo Lee

Synthetic oversampling of minority examples using SMOTE and its variants is a leading strategy for addressing imbalanced classification problems. Despite the success of this approach in practice, its theoretical foundations remain…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-24 Touqeer Ahmad , Mohammadreza M. Kalan , François Portier , Gilles Stupfler

Sensor data analysis plays a key role in health assessment of critical equipment. Such data are multivariate and exhibit nonlinear relationships. This paper describes how one can exploit nonlinear dimension reduction techniques, such as the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-04 Kai Shen , Anya Mcguirk , Yuwei Liao , Arin Chaudhuri , Deovrat Kakde

Data visualization is important in understanding the characteristics of data that are difficult to see directly. It is used to visualize loss landscapes and optimization trajectories to analyze optimization performance. Popular optimization…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-04 Yoshiaki Kawase , Kosuke Mitarai , Keisuke Fujii

Class imbalance in binary classification tasks remains a significant challenge in machine learning, often resulting in poor performance on minority classes. This study comprehensively evaluates three widely-used strategies for handling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Mohamed Abdelhamid , Abhyuday Desai

In this study, we consider classification problems based on neural networks in data-imbalanced environment. Learning from an imbalanced data set is one of the most important and practical problems in the field of machine learning. A…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-12-02 Muneki Yasuda , Seishirou Ueno

T-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE) is a widely used data visualisation technique. It differs from its predecessor SNE by the low-dimensional similarity kernel: the Gaussian kernel was replaced by the heavy-tailed Cauchy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Dmitry Kobak , George Linderman , Stefan Steinerberger , Yuval Kluger , Philipp Berens

Time Series Classification (TSC) has drawn a lot of attention in literature because of its broad range of applications for different domains, such as medical data mining, weather forecasting. Although TSC algorithms are designed for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Syed Rawshon Jamil

With the recent surge in big data analytics for hyper-dimensional data there is a renewed interest in dimensionality reduction techniques for machine learning applications. In order for these methods to improve performance gains and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-20 J. Derek Tucker , Matthew T. Martinez , Jose M. Laborde

Network embedding, aiming to project a network into a low-dimensional space, is increasingly becoming a focus of network research. Semi-supervised network embedding takes advantage of labeled data, and has shown promising performance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Zheng Wang , Xiaojun Ye , Chaokun Wang , Jian Cui , Philip S. Yu

In recent years, graph neural networks (GNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance for node classification. However, most existing GNNs would suffer from the graph imbalance problem. In many real-world scenarios, node classes are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Tianxiang Zhao , Xiang Zhang , Suhang Wang

The t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) has emerged as a popular dimensionality reduction technique for visualizing high-dimensional data. It computes pairwise similarities between data points by default using an RBF kernel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Sarwan Ali , Prakash Chourasia , Haris Mansoor , Bipin koirala , Murray Patterson

The quality of GAN-generated images on the MNIST dataset was explored in this paper by comparing them to the original images using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t- SNE) visualization. A GAN was trained with the dataset to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Okan Düzyel

Machine learning classifiers often stumble over imbalanced datasets where classes are not equally represented. This inherent bias towards the majority class may result in low accuracy in labeling minority class. Imbalanced learning is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Wenhao Zhang , Ramin Ramezani , Arash Naeim

We train three convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to classify galaxies with Galaxy Zoo 2 dataset and extract the activations from the last fully connected layer or the last average pooling layer of CNNs to study the high-dimensional…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-07-17 Jia-Ming Dai , Jizhou Tong

Learning representations of well-trained neural network models holds the promise to provide an understanding of the inner workings of those models. However, previous work has either faced limitations when processing larger networks or was…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Konstantin Schürholt , Michael W. Mahoney , Damian Borth