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The Fluctuation Theorem describes the probability ratio of observing trajectories that satisfy or violate the second law of thermodynamics. It has been proved in a number of different ways for thermostatted deterministic nonequilibrium…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-31 Debra J. Searles , Denis J. Evans

A generalized fluctuation-response relation is found for thermal systems driven out of equilibrium. Its derivation is independent of many details of the dynamics, which is only required to be first-order. The result gives a correction to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-07-12 Marco Baiesi , Christian Maes , Bram Wynants

Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relations (TURs) are relations that establish lower bounds for the relative fluctuations of thermodynamic quantities in terms of the statistics of the associated entropy production. In this work we derive a family…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-03-24 André M. Timpanaro

The postulational basis of classical thermodynamics has been expanded to incorporate equilibrium fluctuations. The main additional elements of the proposed thermodynamic theory are the concept of quasi-equilibrium states, a definition of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-06-11 Y. Mishin

Noncommutativity of observables is a central feature of quantum physics. It plays a fundamental role in the formulation of the uncertainty principle for complementary variables and strongly affects the laws of thermodynamics for systems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Franklin L. S. Rodrigues , Eric Lutz

The thermodynamic uncertainty relation (TUR) provides a universal entropic bound for the precision of the fluctuation of the charge transfer for example for a class of continuous time stochastic processes. However, its extension to general…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-04-20 Takaaki Monnai

The second law of thermodynamics posits that in closed macroscopic systems the rate of entropy production must be positive. However, small systems can exhibit negative entropy production over short timescales, seemingly in contradiction…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2023-08-08 Rama Sharma , Tapio P. Simula , Andrew J. Groszek

We analyze the production of entropy along non-equilibrium processes in quantum systems coupled to generic environments. First, we show that the entropy production due to final measurements and the loss of correlations obeys a fluctuation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-08 Gonzalo Manzano , Jordan M. Horowitz , Juan M. R. Parrondo

In the last ten years, a number of ``Conventional Fluctuation Theorems'' have been derived for systems with deterministic or stochastic dynamics, in a transient or in a non-equilibrium stationary state. These theorems gave explicit…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 R. van Zon , E. G. D. Cohen

The fluctuation relations have received considerable attention since their emergence and development in the 1990s. We present a summary of the main results and suggest ways to interpret this material. Starting with a consideration of the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-02-01 Richard E. Spinney , Ian J. Ford

The fluctuation relations, which characterize irreversible processes in Nature, are among the most important results in non-equilibrium physics. In short, these relations say that it is exponentially unlikely for us to observe a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-30 Marcos L. W. Basso , Jonas Maziero , Lucas C. Céleri

Thermodynamic uncertainty relations unveil useful connections between fluctuations in thermal systems and entropy production. This work extends these ideas to the disparate field of \textit{zero temperature} quantum mesoscopic physics where…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2022-01-05 Ariane Soret , Ohad Shpielberg , Eric Akkermans

We proved when random-variable fluctuations obey the central limit theorem the equality of the uncertainty relation corresponds to the thermodynamic equilibrium state. The inequality corresponds to the thermodynamic non-equilibrium state.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 You-gang Feng

Of indisputable relevance for non-equilibrium thermodynamics, fluctuations theorems have been generalized to the framework of quantum thermodynamics, with the notion of work playing a key role in such contexts. The typical approach consists…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-28 Thales Augusto Barbosa Pinto Silva , Renato Moreira Angelo

Fluctuation relations are identities, holding in non-equilibrium systems, that have attracted a lot of interest in the last 20 years. This is a series of 4 lectures discussing various aspects of such relations for stochastic equations…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2013-08-08 Krzysztof Gawedzki

Fluctuation theorems are fundamental extensions of the second law of thermodynamics for small nonequilibrium systems. While work and heat are equally important forms of energy exchange, fluctuation relations have not been experimentally…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-02-24 Markus Rademacher , Michael Konopik , Maxime Debiossac , David Grass , Eric Lutz , Nikolai Kiesel

This book provides a modern review of Fluctuation Relations and Fluctuation Theorems in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. It focuses on the pioneering perspectives of Gallavotti and Cohen, according to which a fluctuation theorem…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2026-02-13 Noé Cuneo , Vojkan Jakšić , Claude-Alain Pillet , Armen Shirikyan

Thermodynamic uncertainty relations quantifying a trade-off between current fluctuation and entropy production have been found in various stochastic systems. Herein, we study the thermodynamic uncertainty relations for Langevin systems…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-01-22 Tan Van Vu , Yoshihiko Hasegawa

We use quantum estimation theory to derive a thermodynamic uncertainty relation in Markovian open quantum systems, which bounds the fluctuation of continuous measurements. The derived quantum thermodynamic uncertainty relation holds for…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-07-30 Yoshihiko Hasegawa

We extend the framework of forward and reverse processes commonly utilized in the derivation and analysis of the nonequilibrium work relations to thermodynamic processes with repeated discrete feedback. Within this framework, we derive a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2010-12-16 Jordan M. Horowitz , Suriyanarayanan Vaikuntanathan