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Procedural Level Generation via Machine Learning (PLGML), the study of generating game levels with machine learning, has received a large amount of recent academic attention. For certain measures these approaches have shown success at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Matthew Guzdial , Nicholas Liao , Mark Riedl

Variational autoencoders (VAEs) have been used in prior works for generating and blending levels from different games. To add controllability to these models, conditional VAEs (CVAEs) were recently shown capable of generating output that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Anurag Sarkar , Seth Cooper

We focus on the challenge of finding a diverse collection of quality solutions on complex continuous domains. While quality diver-sity (QD) algorithms like Novelty Search with Local Competition (NSLC) and MAP-Elites are designed to generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-08 Matthew C. Fontaine , Julian Togelius , Stefanos Nikolaidis , Amy K. Hoover

It has recently been shown that reinforcement learning can be used to train generators capable of producing high-quality game levels, with quality defined in terms of some user-specified heuristic. To ensure that these generators' output is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Sam Earle , Maria Edwards , Ahmed Khalifa , Philip Bontrager , Julian Togelius

Procedurally generated video game content has the potential to drastically reduce the content creation budget of game developers and large studios. However, adoption is hindered by limitations such as slow generation, as well as low quality…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Michael Beukman , Christopher W Cleghorn , Steven James

Expressive range analysis is a visualization-based technique used to evaluate the performance of generative models, particularly in game level generation. It typically employs two quantifiable metrics to position generated artifacts on a 2D…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Mahsa Bazzaz , Seth Cooper

Quality-Diversity (QD) optimization is an emerging field that focuses on finding a set of behaviorally diverse and high-quality solutions. While the quality is typically defined w.r.t. a single objective function, recent work on…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Shihan Zhao , Stefanos Nikolaidis

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are a machine learning approach capable of generating novel example outputs across a space of provided training examples. Procedural Content Generation (PCG) of levels for video games could benefit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-03 Vanessa Volz , Jacob Schrum , Jialin Liu , Simon M. Lucas , Adam Smith , Sebastian Risi

Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) models are trainable variations of traditional Cellular Automata (CA). Emergent motion in the patterns created by NCA has been successfully applied to synthesize dynamic textures. However, the conditions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yitao Xu , Ehsan Pajouheshgar , Sabine Süsstrunk

Pre-training a diverse set of neural network controllers in simulation has enabled robots to adapt online to damage in robot locomotion tasks. However, finding diverse, high-performing controllers requires expensive network training and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Bryon Tjanaka , Matthew C. Fontaine , David H. Lee , Aniruddha Kalkar , Stefanos Nikolaidis

The procedural generation of levels and content in video games is a challenging AI problem. Often such generation relies on an intelligent way of evaluating the content being generated so that constraints are satisfied and/or objectives…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-22 Ahmed Khalifa , Michael Cerny Green , Gabriella Barros , Julian Togelius

Motivated by the interaction between cells, the recently introduced concept of Neural Cellular Automata shows promising results in a variety of tasks. So far, this concept was mostly used to generate images for a single scenario. As each…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Maximilian Otte , Quentin Delfosse , Johannes Czech , Kristian Kersting

Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are quickly becoming a ubiquitous approach to procedurally generating video game levels. While GAN generated levels are stylistically similar to human-authored examples, human designers often want to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Matthew C. Fontaine , Ruilin Liu , Ahmed Khalifa , Jignesh Modi , Julian Togelius , Amy K. Hoover , Stefanos Nikolaidis

In nature, the process of cellular growth and differentiation has lead to an amazing diversity of organisms -- algae, starfish, giant sequoia, tardigrades, and orcas are all created by the same generative process. Inspired by the incredible…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Rasmus Berg Palm , Miguel González-Duque , Shyam Sudhakaran , Sebastian Risi

This study significantly advances multi-texture synthesis using Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) by introducing a novel training methodology that enables robust self-regeneration of textures in damaged regions. This inherent healing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Mirela-Magdalena Catrina , Ioana Cristina Plajer , Alexandra Băicoianu

Procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) has demonstrated its usefulness as a content and game creation approach, and has been shown to be able to support human creativity. An important facet of creativity is combinational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Sam Snodgrass , Anurag Sarkar

We propose a simple yet highly effective method that addresses the mode-collapse problem in the Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN). Although conditional distributions are multi-modal (i.e., having many modes) in practice,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Dingdong Yang , Seunghoon Hong , Yunseok Jang , Tianchen Zhao , Honglak Lee

The rapid development of diffusion models has greatly advanced AI-generated videos in terms of length and consistency recently, yet assessing AI-generated videos still remains challenging. Previous approaches have often focused on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Jiaze Li , Haoran Xu , Shiding Zhu , Junwei He , Haozhao Wang

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are a powerful indirect genotype-to-phenotype mapping for evolutionary search. Much previous work applying GANs to level generation focuses on fixed-size segments combined into a whole level, but…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Jacob Schrum , Benjamin Capps , Kirby Steckel , Vanessa Volz , Sebastian Risi

Previous work explored blending levels from existing games to create levels for a new game that mixes properties of the original games. In this paper, we use Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) for improving upon such techniques. VAEs are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-28 Anurag Sarkar , Zhihan Yang , Seth Cooper