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Large Language Models (LLMs) have ushered in a new era of text annotation, as their ease-of-use, high accuracy, and relatively low costs have meant that their use has exploded in recent months. However, the rapid growth of the field has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Petter Törnberg

Software developers maintain extensive mental models of code they produce and its context, often relying on memory to retrieve or reconstruct design decisions, edge cases, and debugging experiences. These missing links and data obstruct…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Edward Misback , Erik Vank , Zachary Tatlock , Steven Tanimoto

Today's computer-based annotation systems implement a wide range of functionalities that often go beyond those available in traditional paper-and-pencil annotations. Conceptually, annotation systems are based on thoroughly investigated…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2007-06-11 Matthias R. Brust , Steffen Rothkugel

Active learning (AL) has demonstrated remarkable potential in reducing the annotation effort required for training machine learning models. However, despite the surging popularity of natural language generation (NLG) tasks in recent years,…

Event relation detection is a fundamental NLP task, leveraged in many downstream applications, whose modeling requires datasets annotated with event relations of various types. However, systematic and complete annotation of these relations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Alon Eirew , Eviatar Nachshoni , Aviv Slobodkin , Ido Dagan

We describe a formal model for annotating linguistic artifacts, from which we derive an application programming interface (API) to a suite of tools for manipulating these annotations. The abstract logical model provides for a range of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Steven Bird , David Day , John Garofolo , John Henderson , Christophe Laprun , Mark Liberman

TextAttack is an open-source Python toolkit for adversarial attacks, adversarial training, and data augmentation in NLP. TextAttack unites 15+ papers from the NLP adversarial attack literature into a single framework, with many components…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-06 John X. Morris , Jin Yong Yoo , Yanjun Qi

The package cleanNLP provides a set of fast tools for converting a textual corpus into a set of normalized tables. The underlying natural language processing pipeline utilizes Stanford's CoreNLP library, exposing a number of annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-04 Taylor Arnold

Based on the concept of annotation-based agents, this report introduces tools and a formal notation for defining and running text mining experiments using a statically typed domain-specific language embedded in Scala. Using machine learning…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2011-08-02 Fabian Steeg

Modern affective computing systems rely heavily on datasets with human-annotated emotion labels, for training and evaluation. However, human annotations are expensive to obtain, sensitive to study design, and difficult to quality control,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Minxue Niu , Yara El-Tawil , Amrit Romana , Emily Mower Provost

Annotating large datasets can be challenging. However, crowd-sourcing is often expensive and can lack quality, especially for non-trivial tasks. We propose a method of using LLMs as few-shot learners for annotating data in a complex natural…

Suicidal ideation detection is critical for real-time suicide prevention, yet its progress faces two under-explored challenges: limited language coverage and unreliable annotation practices. Most available datasets are in English, but even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Amina Dzafic , Merve Kavut , Ulya Bayram

Current approaches to the annotation process focus on annotation schemas, languages for annotation, or are very application driven. In this paper it is proposed that a more flexible architecture for annotation requires a knowledge component…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Afzal Ballim , Nastaran Fatemi , Hatem Ghorbel , Vincenzo Pallotta

Annotated data has become the most important bottleneck in training accurate machine learning models, especially for areas that require domain expertise. A recent approach to deal with the above issue proposes using natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Yannis Papanikolaou

Annotation is a central mechanism in visualization design that enables people to communicate key insights. Prior research has provided essential accounts of the visual forms annotations take, but less attention has been paid to the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Md Dilshadur Rahman , Devin Lange , Ghulam Jilani Quadri , Paul Rosen

Human annotation of training samples is expensive, laborious, and sometimes challenging, especially for Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. To reduce the labeling cost and enhance the sample efficiency, Active Learning (AL) technique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Xuesong Wang

Nowadays, the need for system interoperability in or across enterprises has become more and more ubiquitous. Lots of research works have been carried out in the information exchange, transformation, discovery and reuse. One of the main…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-11-17 Y. Liao , M. Lezoche , H. Panetto , N. Boudjlida , Eduardo Rocha Loures

Text documents, including programs, typically have human-readable semantic structure. Historically, programmatic access to these semantics has required explicit in-document tagging. Especially in systems where the text has an execution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Edward Misback , Zachary Tatlock , Steven L. Tanimoto

We introduce a framework for lightweight dependency syntax annotation. Our formalism builds upon the typical representation for unlabeled dependencies, permitting a simple notation and annotation workflow. Moreover, the formalism encourages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-06-18 Nathan Schneider , Brendan O'Connor , Naomi Saphra , David Bamman , Manaal Faruqui , Noah A. Smith , Chris Dyer , Jason Baldridge

End-user programmers create software to solve problems, yet the problem-solving knowledge generated in the process often remains tacit within the software artifact. One approach to exposing this knowledge is to enable the end-user to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2009-08-11 Matthew Dinmore