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Software is among the most complex endeavors of the human mind; large scale systems can have tens of millions of lines of source code. However, seldom is complexity measured above the lowest level of code, and sometimes source code files or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2011-05-13 Alejandro Fernández

Logging is essential in software development, helping developers monitor system behavior and aiding in debugging applications. Given the ability of large language models (LLMs) to generate natural language and code, researchers are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Mayra Sofia Ruiz Rodriguez , SayedHassan Khatoonabadi , Emad Shihab

When a new computer security vulnerability is publicly disclosed, only a textual description of it is available. Cybersecurity experts later provide an analysis of the severity of the vulnerability using the Common Vulnerability Scoring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Mustafizur Shahid , Hervé Debar

Due to the complexity and size of modern software systems, the amount of logs generated is tremendous. Hence, it is infeasible to manually investigate these data in a reasonable time, thereby requiring automating log analysis to derive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Stefan Petrescu , Floris den Hengst , Alexandru Uta , Jan S. Rellermeyer

The speech act of complaining is used by humans to communicate a negative mismatch between reality and expectations as a reaction to an unfavorable situation. Linguistic theory of pragmatics categorizes complaints into various severity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Mali Jin , Nikolaos Aletras

In the past couple of decades, significant research efforts have been devoted to the prediction of software bugs (i.e., defects). In general, these works leverage a diverse set of metrics, tools, and techniques to predict which classes,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Ehsan Mashhadi , Shaiful Chowdhury , Somayeh Modaberi , Hadi Hemmati , Gias Uddin

Studying the robustness of Large Language Models (LLMs) to unsafe behaviors is an important topic of research today. Building safety classification models or guard models, which are fine-tuned models for input/output safety classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Sowmya Vajjala

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in multilingual, real-world applications with user inputs -- naturally introducing \emph{typographical errors} (typos). Yet most benchmarks assume clean input, leaving the robustness of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Raoyuan Zhao , Yihong Liu , Lena Altinger , Hinrich Schütze , Michael A. Hedderich

Context: Dynamic production environments make it challenging to maintain reliable machine learning (ML) systems. Runtime issues, such as changes in data patterns or operating contexts, that degrade model performance are a common occurrence…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Hira Naveed , Scott Barnett , Chetan Arora , John Grundy , Hourieh Khalajzadeh , Omar Haggag

Multilingual intent classification is central to customer-service systems on global logistics platforms, where models must process noisy user queries across languages and hierarchical label spaces. Yet most existing multilingual benchmarks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Haoyu He , Jinyu Zhuang , Haoran Chu , Shuhang Yu , J , T AI Group , Hao Wang , Kunpeng Han

Logging code is written by developers to capture system runtime behavior and plays a vital role in debugging, performance analysis, and system monitoring. However, defects in logging code can undermine the usefulness of logs and lead to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Xin Wang , Zhenhao Li , Zishuo Ding

Log analysis is crucial for ensuring the orderly and stable operation of information systems, particularly in the field of Artificial Intelligence for IT Operations (AIOps). Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Tianyu Cui , Shiyu Ma , Ziang Chen , Tong Xiao , Shimin Tao , Yilun Liu , Shenglin Zhang , Duoming Lin , Changchang Liu , Yuzhe Cai , Weibin Meng , Yongqian Sun , Dan Pei

System logs perform a critical function in software-intensive systems as logs record the state of the system and significant events in the system at important points in time. Unfortunately, log entries are typically created in an ad-hoc,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-01-30 Nathan Bosch , Jan Bosch

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being explored for clinical question answering and decision support, yet safe deployment critically requires reliable handling of patient measurements in heterogeneous clinical notes. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Minh-Vuong Nguyen , Fatemeh Shiri , Zhuang Li , Karin Verspoor

In the highly interconnected digital landscape of today, safeguarding complex infrastructures against cyber threats has become increasingly challenging due to the exponential growth in the number and complexity of vulnerabilities. Resource…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yuning Jiang , Nay Oo , Qiaoran Meng , Hoon Wei Lim , Biplab Sikdar

This paper explores the use of clustering methods and machine learning algorithms, including Natural Language Processing (NLP), to identify and classify problems identified in credit risk models through textual information contained in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Szymon Lis , Mariusz Kubkowski , Olimpia Borkowska , Dobromił Serwa , Jarosław Kurpanik

Despite an ever growing number of word representation models introduced for a large number of languages, there is a lack of a standardized technique to provide insights into what is captured by these models. Such insights would help the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-12 Gözde Gül Şahin , Clara Vania , Ilia Kuznetsov , Iryna Gurevych

Understanding the text in legal documents can be challenging due to their complex structure and the inclusion of domain-specific jargon. Laws and regulations are often crafted in such a manner that engagement with them requires formal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Yu Han , Aaron Ceross , Jeroen H. M. Bergmann

Large Language Models have seen rapid progress in capability in recent years; this progress has been accelerating and their capabilities, measured by various benchmarks, are beginning to approach those of humans. There is a strong demand to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Brett Israelsen , Soumalya Sarkar

Code readability and software complexity are important software quality metrics that impact other software metrics such as maintainability, reusability, portability and reliability. This paper presents an empirical study of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Duaa Alawad , Manisha Panta , Minhaz Zibran , Md Rakibul Islam