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Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) has proven effective for efficient LLM evaluation on multiple-choice benchmarks, but modern LLM evaluation increasingly relies on generation tasks where outputs are scored continuously rather than marked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Esma Balkır , Alice Pernthaller , Marco Basaldella , José Hernández-Orallo , Nigel Collier

Most existing image tokenizers encode images into a fixed number of tokens or patches, overlooking the inherent variability in image complexity. To address this, we introduce Content-Adaptive Tokenizer (CAT), which dynamically adjusts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Junhong Shen , Kushal Tirumala , Michihiro Yasunaga , Ishan Misra , Luke Zettlemoyer , Lili Yu , Chunting Zhou

Interim assessment is frequently administered via computerized adaptive testing (CAT), offering direct support to teaching and learning. This study attempted to fill a vital knowledge gap about the nuanced landscape of examinees'…

Applications · Statistics 2024-08-22 Dandan Chen Kaptur , Elizabeth Patton , Logan Rome

This paper proposes Bayesian Adaptive Trials (BAT) as both an efficient method to conduct trials and a unifying framework for evaluation social policy interventions, addressing limitations inherent in traditional methods such as Randomized…

Item Response Theory (IRT) is a well known method for assessing responses from humans in education and psychology. In education, IRT is used to infer student abilities and characteristics of test items from student responses. Interactions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Antti Keurulainen , Isak Westerlund , Oskar Keurulainen , Andrew Howes

The ICAP framework defines four cognitive engagement levels: Passive, Active, Constructive, and Interactive, where increased cognitive engagement can yield improved learning. However, personalizing learning activities that elicit the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Sutapa Dey Tithi , Nazia Alam , Tahreem Yasir , Yang Shi , Xiaoyi Tian , Min Chi , Tiffany Barnes

Deep learning models exhibit a preference for statistical fitting over logical reasoning. Spurious correlations might be memorized when there exists statistical bias in training data, which severely limits the model performance especially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Wei Wang , Boxin Wang , Ning Shi , Jinfeng Li , Bingyu Zhu , Xiangyu Liu , Rong Zhang

Model evaluation is a critical component in supervised machine learning classification analyses. Traditional metrics do not currently incorporate case difficulty. This renders the classification results unbenchmarked for generalization.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Adrienne Kline , Joon Lee

Item Response Theory (IRT) models aim to assess latent abilities of $n$ examinees along with latent difficulty characteristics of $m$ test items from categorical data that indicates the quality of their corresponding answers. Classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Susanne Frick , Amer Krivošija , Alexander Munteanu

Corpus Aware Training (CAT) leverages valuable corpus metadata during training by injecting corpus information into each training example, and has been found effective in the literature, commonly known as the "tagging" approach. Models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Yi-Hsiu Liao , Cheng Shen , Brenda , Yang

The performance of deep learning models depends heavily on test samples at runtime, and shifts from the training data distribution can significantly reduce accuracy. Test-time adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adapting models during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Michal Danilowski , Soumyajit Chatterjee , Abhirup Ghosh

Assessing forecasting performance is a time intensive activity, often requiring months or years before we know whether or not the reported forecasts were accurate. Cognitive tests can be quickly administered and are predictive of…

The reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have improved substantially through increased test-time computation, typically in the form of intermediate tokens known as chain-of-thought (CoT). However, CoT often becomes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Nathanaël Carraz Rakotonirina , Ren Pang , Neha Anna John , Michael Bohlke-Schneider , Momchil Hardalov

In this paper, we aim to improve the performance of a deep learning model towards image classification tasks, proposing a novel anchor-based training methodology, named \textit{Online Anchor-based Training} (OAT). The OAT method, guided by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Maria Tzelepi , Vasileios Mezaris

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) typically requires thousands of benchmark items, making the process expensive, slow, and increasingly impractical at scale. Existing evaluation protocols rely on average accuracy over fixed item sets,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Peiyu Li , Xiuxiu Tang , Si Chen , Ying Cheng , Ronald Metoyer , Ting Hua , Nitesh V. Chawla

We develop a novel approach for confidently accelerating inference in the large and expensive multilayer Transformers that are now ubiquitous in natural language processing (NLP). Amortized or approximate computational methods increase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Tal Schuster , Adam Fisch , Tommi Jaakkola , Regina Barzilay

Intelligent Fault Diagnosis (IFD) based on deep learning has proven to be an effective and flexible solution, attracting extensive research. Deep neural networks can learn rich representations from vast amounts of representative labeled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Florent Forest , Olga Fink

In this work, we show a methodology aimed to improve the quality of the assessment process for subjects related to basic programming. The method takes into account the relevance of the items and the students answers to follow different…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-03-07 P. Molins-Ruano , C. González-Sacristán , F. Díez , P. Rodriguez , G. M. Sacha

As information technology advances, education is moving from one-size-fits-all instruction toward personalized learning. However, most methods handle modeling, item selection, and feedback in isolation rather than as a closed loop. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Zhifeng Wang , Xinyue Zheng , Chunyan Zeng

Adaptive online testing efficiently assesses examinee proficiency by dynamically adjusting the difficulty of test items based on their performance. To achieve this, items are selected so that their difficulty closely matches the test…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-21 Hideo Hirose