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Conversational agents such as Alexa and Google Assistant constantly need to increase their language understanding capabilities by adding new domains. A massive amount of labeled data is required for training each new domain. While domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-31 Sungjin Lee , Rahul Jha

Context: Online collaborative creation of models is becoming commonplace. Collaborative modeling using chatbots and natural language may lower the barriers to modeling for users from different domains. Objective: We compare the perceived…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Ranci Ren , John W. Castro , Santiago R. Acuña , Oscar Dieste , Silvia T. Acuña

Many open-domain dialogue models pre-trained with social media comments can generate coherent replies but have difficulties producing engaging responses when interacting with real users. This phenomenon might mainly result from the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Hua Lu , Siqi Bao , Huang He , Fan Wang , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

Spoken dialogue systems allow humans to interact with machines using natural speech. As such, they have many benefits. By using speech as the primary communication medium, a computer interface can facilitate swift, human-like acquisition of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-12 Milica Gasic , Nikola Mrksic , Lina M. Rojas-Barahona , Pei-Hao Su , Stefan Ultes , David Vandyke , Tsung-Hsien Wen , Steve Young

Evaluating the quality of open-domain chatbots has become increasingly reliant on LLMs acting as automatic judges. However, existing meta-evaluation benchmarks are static, outdated, and lacking in multilingual coverage, limiting their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 John Mendonça , Alon Lavie , Isabel Trancoso

Open-domain conversational search assistants aim at answering user questions about open topics in a conversational manner. In this paper we show how the Transformer architecture achieves state-of-the-art results in key IR tasks, leveraging…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-01-21 Rafael Ferreira , Mariana Leite , David Semedo , Joao Magalhaes

Domain specific chatbot applications often involve multi step interactions, such as refining search filters, selecting multiple items, or performing comparisons. Traditional graphical user interfaces (GUIs) handle these workflows by…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Sanjay Krishna Anbalagan , Xinrui Nie , Umesh Mohan , Vijay Kumar Kanamarlapudi , Anughna Kommalapati , Xiaodan Zhao

In our work, we present the first-of-its-kind open-source web-based tool which is able to demonstrate the impacts of a user's speech act during discourse with conversational agents, which leverages open-source large language models. With…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Godfrey I

The lack of time-efficient and reliable evaluation methods hamper the development of conversational dialogue systems (chatbots). Evaluations requiring humans to converse with chatbots are time and cost-intensive, put high cognitive demands…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Jan Deriu , Don Tuggener , Pius von Däniken , Jon Ander Campos , Alvaro Rodrigo , Thiziri Belkacem , Aitor Soroa , Eneko Agirre , Mark Cieliebak

Large end-to-end neural open-domain chatbots are becoming increasingly popular. However, research on building such chatbots has typically assumed that the user input is written in nature and it is not clear whether these chatbots would…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Karthik Gopalakrishnan , Behnam Hedayatnia , Longshaokan Wang , Yang Liu , Dilek Hakkani-Tur

Conversational agents are consistently growing in popularity and many people interact with them every day. While many conversational agents act as personal assistants, they can have many different goals. Some are task-oriented, such as…

One challenge for dialogue agents is recognizing feelings in the conversation partner and replying accordingly, a key communicative skill. While it is straightforward for humans to recognize and acknowledge others' feelings in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Hannah Rashkin , Eric Michael Smith , Margaret Li , Y-Lan Boureau

How to build and use dialogue data efficiently, and how to deploy models in different domains at scale can be two critical issues in building a task-oriented dialogue system. In this paper, we propose a novel manual-guided dialogue scheme…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Ryuichi Takanobu , Hao Zhou , Yankai Lin , Peng Li , Jie Zhou , Minlie Huang

We survey SoTA open-domain conversational AI models with the purpose of presenting the prevailing challenges that still exist to spur future research. In addition, we provide statistics on the gender of conversational AI in order to guide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Tosin Adewumi , Foteini Liwicki , Marcus Liwicki

Conversational agents, such as chatbots and virtual assistants, have become essential in software development, boosting productivity, collaboration, and automating various tasks. This paper examines the role of adaptive AI-powered…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Omar Elsisi , Glaucia Melo

Social chatbots have become essential intelligent companions in daily scenarios ranging from emotional support to personal interaction. However, conventional chatbots with passive response mechanisms usually rely on users to initiate or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Zihan Niu , Zheyong Xie , Shaosheng Cao , Chonggang Lu , Zheyu Ye , Tong Xu , Zuozhu Liu , Yan Gao , Jia Chen , Zhe Xu , Yi Wu , Yao Hu

Efforts have been made to make machines converse like humans in the past few decades. The recent techniques of Large Language Models (LLMs) make it possible to have human-like conversations with machines, but LLM's flaws of lacking…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Yankai Zeng

Recently, utilizing deep neural networks to build the opendomain dialogue models has become a hot topic. However, the responses generated by these models suffer from many problems such as responses not being contextualized and tend to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Mengjuan Liu , Chenyang Liu , Yunfan Yang , Jiang Liu , Mohan Jing

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini increasingly act as general-purpose copilots, yet they often respond with unnecessary length on simple requests, adding redundant explanations, hedging, or boilerplate that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Vadim Borisov , Michael Gröger , Mina Mikhael , Richard H. Schreiber

Generative encoder-decoder models offer great promise in developing domain-general dialog systems. However, they have mainly been applied to open-domain conversations. This paper presents a practical and novel framework for building…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-27 Tiancheng Zhao , Allen Lu , Kyusong Lee , Maxine Eskenazi