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Multi-hop reasoning for question answering (QA) plays a critical role in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for modern large language models (LLMs). The accurate answer can be obtained through retrieving relational structure of entities…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Changhao Wang , Yanfang Liu , Xinxin Fan , Anzhi Zhou , Lao Tian , Yunfeng Lu

Multi-hop claim verification is inherently challenging, requiring multi-step reasoning to construct verification chains while iteratively searching for information to uncover hidden bridging facts. This process is fundamentally interleaved,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Qisheng Hu , Quanyu Long , Wenya Wang

Multi-hop question answering (QA) involves finding multiple relevant passages and step-by-step reasoning to answer complex questions, indicating a retrieve-and-read paradigm. However, previous retrievers were customized for two-hop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jiahao Zhang , Haiyang Zhang , Dongmei Zhang , Yong Liu , Shen Huang

Retrieval plays a central role in multi-hop question answering (QA), where answering complex questions requires gathering multiple pieces of evidence. We introduce an Agentic Retrieval System that leverages large language models (LLMs) in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Md Mahadi Hasan Nahid , Davood Rafiei

Current large language models (LLMs) struggle to answer questions that span tens of thousands of tokens, especially when multi-hop reasoning is involved. While prior benchmarks explore long-context comprehension or multi-hop reasoning in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Abhay Gupta , Michael Lu , Kevin Zhu , Sean O'Brien , Vasu Sharma

Large language models (LLMs) encode vast amounts of world knowledge but remain static once trained, making the timely integration of emerging facts prohibitively expensive via full retraining. Knowledge-editing techniques have thus emerged…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yuchen Wu , Liang Ding , Li Shen , Dacheng Tao

Compositional reasoning tasks like multi-hop question answering, require making latent decisions to get the final answer, given a question. However, crowdsourced datasets often capture only a slice of the underlying task distribution, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Dheeru Dua , Cicero Nogueira dos Santos , Patrick Ng , Ben Athiwaratkun , Bing Xiang , Matt Gardner , Sameer Singh

Multi-hop question answering over knowledge graphs remains computationally challenging due to the combinatorial explosion of possible reasoning paths. Recent approaches rely on expensive Large Language Model (LLM) inference for both entity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Manil Shrestha , Edward Kim

Multimodal Knowledge Editing (MKE) extends traditional knowledge editing to settings involving both textual and visual modalities. However, existing MKE benchmarks primarily assess final answer correctness while neglecting the quality of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Li Yuan , Qingfei Huang , Bingshan Zhu , Yi Cai , Qingbao Huang , Changmeng Zheng , Zikun Deng , Tao Wang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has been used in question answering (QA) systems to improve performance when relevant information is in one (single-hop) or multiple (multi-hop) passages. However, many real life scenarios (e.g. dealing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Mykolas Sveistrys , Richard Kunert

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) remains brittle on multi-step questions and heterogeneous evidence sources, trading accuracy against latency and token/tool budgets. This paper introduces RELOOP, a structure aware framework using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Ruiyi Yang , Hao Xue , Imran Razzak , Hakim Hacid , Flora D. Salim

Despite readily memorizing world knowledge about entities, pre-trained language models (LMs) struggle to compose together two or more facts to perform multi-hop reasoning in question-answering tasks. In this work, we propose techniques that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Kanishka Misra , Cicero Nogueira dos Santos , Siamak Shakeri

Improving the mathematical reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) is critical for advancing artificial intelligence. However, access to extensive, diverse, and high-quality reasoning datasets remains a significant challenge,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yuyang Ding , Xinyu Shi , Xiaobo Liang , Juntao Li , Zhaopeng Tu , Qiaoming Zhu , Min Zhang

Building compositional explanations requires models to combine two or more facts that, together, describe why the answer to a question is correct. Typically, these "multi-hop" explanations are evaluated relative to one (or a small number…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Peter Jansen , Kelly Smith , Dan Moreno , Huitzilin Ortiz

Multi-hop question answering requires aggregating information from multiple documents, a critical capability for knowledge-intensive applications. A fundamental challenge lies in efficiently identifying the minimal relevant document set…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Litong Zhang , Jiaxin Li , Kuo Zhao

We propose an unsupervised strategy for the selection of justification sentences for multi-hop question answering (QA) that (a) maximizes the relevance of the selected sentences, (b) minimizes the overlap between the selected facts, and (c)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Vikas Yadav , Steven Bethard , Mihai Surdeanu

Automatic multi-hop fact verification task has gained significant attention in recent years. Despite impressive results, these well-designed models perform poorly on out-of-domain data. One possible solution is to augment the training data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yingjie Zhu , Jiasheng Si , Yibo Zhao , Haiyang Zhu , Deyu Zhou , Yulan He

Generating high-quality MCQs, especially those targeting diverse cognitive levels and incorporating common misconceptions into distractor design, is time-consuming and expertise-intensive, making manual creation impractical at scale.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Nicy Scaria , Silvester John Joseph Kennedy , Diksha Seth , Ananya Thakur , Deepak Subramani

Due to the lack of insufficient data, existing multi-hop open domain question answering systems require to effectively find out relevant supporting facts according to each question. To alleviate the challenges of semantic factual sentences…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Qianglong Chen

Geospatial question answering (QA) is a fundamental task in navigation and point of interest (POI) searches. While existing geospatial QA datasets exist, they are limited in both scale and diversity, often relying solely on textual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Zekun Li , Malcolm Grossman , Eric , Qasemi , Mihir Kulkarni , Muhao Chen , Yao-Yi Chiang